MEMO Module
type: Ontology
version IRI: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/4memory/ontology/1.0.0
abstract: ### INTRODUCTION The [National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) initiative](https://www.nfdi.de/) has seen the establishment of various consortia, each dedicated to developing a research data infrastructure tailored to its respective domain. To facilitate interoperability across these consortia, the NFDIcore ontology (prefix nfdicore) has been developed and serves as a mid level ontology for representing metadata about NFDI resources such as individuals, organizations, projects, data portals, etc. The hereby introduced ontology module, MEMO, intends to complement the existing NFDIcore ontology with concepts for the historically oriented sciences. Recognizing the diverse needs of consortia, NFDIcore establishes mappings to a wide array of standards across domains, including the [Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)](https://basic-formal-ontology.org/) and [schema.org](https://schema.org/), which is crucial for advancing knowledge representation, data exchange, and collaboration across diverse domains. To answer domain-specific research questions, NFDIcore is extended following a modular approach, as e.g. with the culture ontology module [CTO](https://gitlab.rlp.net/adwmainz/nfdi4culture/knowledge-graph/culture-ontology), matwerk ontology module [MWO](https://git.rwth-aachen.de/nfdi-matwerk/ta-oms/mwo), etc.
bibliographic citation: Sarah Ondraszek, Oleksandra Bruns, Tabea Tietz, Etienne Posthumus, Jörg Waitelonis, Harald Sack
created: 2025-01-15
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
status: Ontology Specification
label: NFDI4Memory Module - A module of NFDIcore
version info: 1.0.0

editor preferred term~editor preferred label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred label
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred term
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred term~editor preferred label
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
label: editor preferred label
label: editor preferred term

example of usage
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: example of usage
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
textual definition: A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: IAO

textual definition
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: definition
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: textual definition
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
textual definition: The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
editor note: 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
label: definition

editor note
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor note
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi>

term editor
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term editor
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
editor note: 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

definition source
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: definition source
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

curator note
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: curator note
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg

description
type: AnnotationProperty

license
type: AnnotationProperty

title
type: AnnotationProperty

label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: label

nfdicore:acronym
type: AnnotationProperty

part of
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: part of
inverse of: has part
type: TransitiveProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: is part of
example of usage: my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
example of usage: this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
textual definition: a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
editor note: Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
IAO_0000118: part_of
RO_0001900: RO_0001901

has part
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: has part
type: TransitiveProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has part
example of usage: my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
example of usage: this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
textual definition: a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
editor note: Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
IAO_0000118: has_part
RO_0001900: RO_0001901

realized in
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: realizes
domain: realizable entity
range: process
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: realized in
example of usage: this disease is realized in this disease course
example of usage: this fragility is realized in this shattering
example of usage: this investigator role is realized in this investigation
IAO_0000118: is realized by
IAO_0000118: realized_in
IAO_0000600: [copied from inverse property 'realizes'] to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
comment: Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a realizable entity and a process, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process

realizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
range: realizable entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: realizes
example of usage: this disease course realizes this disease
example of usage: this investigation realizes this investigator role
example of usage: this shattering realizes this fragility
IAO_0000600: to say that b realizes c at t is to assert that there is some material entity d & b is a process which has participant d at t & c is a disposition or role of which d is bearer_of at t& the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [059-003])
comment: Paraphrase of elucidation: a relation between a process and a realizable entity, where there is some material entity that is bearer of the realizable entity and participates in the process, and the realizable entity comes to be realized in the course of the process

is about
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: topObjectProperty
domain: information content entity
example of usage: This document is about information artifacts and their representations
IAO_0000114: pending final vetting
textual definition: A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
textual definition: 'is about' relates an information entity to other entities in which the information entity holds some information which dscribes some facet of the other entity, such as the arrow direction on a sign.
editor note: 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
definition source: IAO
definition source: James Malone
creator: Alan Ruttenberg

denotes
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: denoted by
domain: information content entity
range: entity
example of usage: A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
textual definition: A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
editor note: 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan

denoted by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: entity
range: information content entity
textual definition: inverse of the relation 'denotes'
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Mike Conlon
IAO_0000233: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/206

has_specified_output
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property:
  inverse of: is_specified_output_of
sub property of: has participant
domain: planned process
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has_specified_output
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: The inverse property of is_specified_output_of
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Larry Hunter
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
IAO_0000412: obi.owl

is_specified_output_of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: participates in
range: planned process
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: is_specified_output_of
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: A relation between a planned process and a continuant participating in that process. The presence of the continuant at the end of the process is explicitly specified in the objective specification which the process realizes the concretization of.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Bjoern Peters
IAO_0000412: obi.owl

characteristic of
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has characteristic
type: FunctionalProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: inheres in
example of usage: this fragility is a characteristic of this vase
example of usage: this red color is a characteristic of this apple
textual definition: a relation between a specifically dependent continuant (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence.
IAO_0000118: inheres_in
RO_0001900: RO_0001901
comment: Note that this relation was previously called "inheres in", but was changed to be called "characteristic of" because BFO2 uses "inheres in" in a more restricted fashion. This relation differs from BFO2:inheres_in in two respects: (1) it does not impose a range constraint, and thus it allows qualities of processes, as well as of information entities, whereas BFO2 restricts inheres_in to only apply to independent continuants (2) it is declared functional, i.e. something can only be a characteristic of one thing.

has characteristic
type: ObjectProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
range: specifically dependent continuant
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: bearer of
example of usage: this apple is bearer of this red color
example of usage: this vase is bearer of this fragility
textual definition: Inverse of characteristic_of
editor note: A bearer can have many dependents, and its dependents can exist for different periods of time, but none of its dependents can exist when the bearer does not exist.
IAO_0000118: bearer_of
IAO_0000118: is bearer of
RO_0001900: RO_0001901

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: participant of
inverse of: has participant
domain: continuant
range: occurrent
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: participates in
example of usage: this blood clot participates in this blood coagulation
example of usage: this input material (or this output material) participates in this process
example of usage: this investigator participates in this investigation
textual definition: a relation between a continuant and a process, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
IAO_0000118: participates_in

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: has participant
domain: occurrent
range: continuant
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has participant
example of usage: this blood coagulation has participant this blood clot
example of usage: this investigation has participant this investigator
example of usage: this process has participant this input material (or this output material)
textual definition: a relation between a process and a continuant, in which the continuant is somehow involved in the process
editor note: Has_participant is a primitive instance-level relation between a process, a continuant, and a time at which the continuant participates in some way in the process. The relation obtains, for example, when this particular process of oxygen exchange across this particular alveolar membrane has_participant this particular sample of hemoglobin at this particular time.
IAO_0000118: has_participant
source: http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:has_participant

function of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
inverse of: has function
domain: function
example of usage: this catalysis function is a function of this enzyme
textual definition: a relation between a function and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A function inheres in its bearer at all times for which the function exists, however the function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
IAO_0000118: function_of
IAO_0000118: is function of
comment: This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.

quality of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
inverse of: has quality
example of usage: this red color is a quality of this apple
textual definition: a relation between a quality and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A quality inheres in its bearer at all times for which the quality exists.
IAO_0000118: is quality of
IAO_0000118: quality_of
comment: This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.

role of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
inverse of: has role
example of usage: this investigator role is a role of this person
textual definition: a relation between a role and an independent continuant (the bearer), in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A role inheres in its bearer at all times for which the role exists, however the role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
IAO_0000118: is role of
IAO_0000118: role_of
comment: This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.

has function
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
domain: independent continuant
range: function
example of usage: this enzyme has function this catalysis function (more colloquially: this enzyme has this catalysis function)
textual definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a function, in which the function specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A bearer can have many functions, and its functions can exist for different periods of time, but none of its functions can exist when the bearer does not exist. A function need not be realized at all the times that the function exists.
IAO_0000118: has_function

has quality
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
range: quality
example of usage: this apple has quality this red color
textual definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a quality, in which the quality specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A bearer can have many qualities, and its qualities can exist for different periods of time, but none of its qualities can exist when the bearer does not exist.
IAO_0000118: has_quality

has role
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
domain: independent continuant
range: role
example of usage: this person has role this investigator role (more colloquially: this person has this role of investigator)
textual definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a role, in which the role specifically depends on the bearer for its existence
editor note: A bearer can have many roles, and its roles can exist for different periods of time, but none of its roles can exist when the bearer does not exist. A role need not be realized at all the times that the role exists.
IAO_0000118: has_role

has disposition
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has characteristic
inverse of: disposition of
domain: independent continuant
range: disposition
textual definition: a relation between an independent continuant (the bearer) and a disposition, in which the disposition specifically depends on the bearer for its existence

disposition of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: characteristic of
comment: This relation is modeled after the BFO relation of the same name which was in BFO2, but is used in a more restricted sense - specifically, we model this relation as functional (inherited from characteristic-of). Note that this relation is now removed from BFO2020.

location of
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: location of
inverse of: located in
type: TransitiveProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: is location of
example of usage: my head is the location of my brain
example of usage: this cage is the location of this rat
textual definition: a relation between two independent continuants, the location and the target, in which the target is entirely within the location
editor note: Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
IAO_0000118: location_of
RO_0001900: RO_0001901

located in
type: ObjectProperty
equivalent property: has location
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: independent continuant
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: independent continuant
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: located in
example of usage: my brain is located in my head
example of usage: this rat is located in this cage
textual definition: a relation between two independent continuants, the target and the location, in which the target is entirely within the location
editor note: Location as a relation between instances: The primitive instance-level relation c located_in r at t reflects the fact that each continuant is at any given time associated with exactly one spatial region, namely its exact location. Following we can use this relation to define a further instance-level location relation - not between a continuant and the region which it exactly occupies, but rather between one continuant and another. c is located in c1, in this sense, whenever the spatial region occupied by c is part_of the spatial region occupied by c1. Note that this relation comprehends both the relation of exact location between one continuant and another which obtains when r and r1 are identical (for example, when a portion of fluid exactly fills a cavity), as well as those sorts of inexact location relations which obtain, for example, between brain and head or between ovum and uterus
editor note: Most location relations will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
IAO_0000118: located_in
RO_0001900: RO_0001901
source: http://www.obofoundry.org/ro/#OBO_REL:located_in

Axiom
annotated source: located in
annotated property: domain
annotated target: independent continuant
editor note: This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.

Axiom
annotated source: located in
annotated property: range
annotated target: independent continuant
editor note: This is redundant with the more specific 'independent and not spatial region' constraint. We leave in the redundant axiom for use with reasoners that do not use negation.

is encoded in
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
example of usage: Linking a type of software to its particular programming language.
textual definition: Is encoded in is an "is about" relationship which describes the type of encoding used for the referenced class.
definition source: Allyson Lister

has object type
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: object type of
domain: resource
range: object type
textual definition: A property that associates a resource with its corresponding ObjectType.
comment: This property helps in the classification and organization of resources by linking them to their specific object type, such as audio, image, video, etc.

object type of
type: ObjectProperty

has best practice
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: best practice of
domain: resource
range: specification
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the specified best practice.

best practice of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "best practice"

has contact point
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: contact point of
domain: Class
  union of: project
  union of: resource
range: agent
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a contact point.

contact point of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "contact point"

has contributor
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: contributor of
domain: resource
range: agent
comment: The property related a resource to a person or an organization responsible for making contributions to a resource.

contributor of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "contributor"

of country
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part of
inverse of: country of
domain: Class
  union of: city
  union of: federal state
range: country
comment: The property relates a city or a state to a country where it is located.

country of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
comment: inverse of property "country"

data set
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denotes
inverse of: data set of
domain: resource
range: dataset
comment: The property is a relation between a resource and a data set.

data set of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "data set"

has export format
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: export format of
domain: resource
range: media type
comment: The property relates a resource to the format available for the export of a resource.

export format of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "export format"

of federal state
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part of
inverse of: federal state of
domain: city
range: federal state
comment: The property relates a city to a federal state where it is located.

federal state of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
comment: inverse of property "federal state"

has funding organization
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: funding organization of
domain: project
range: organization
comment: The property relates a project to the organization that provided funding for it.

funding organization of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: organization
range: project
comment: inverse of property "funding organization"

has license
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
inverse of: license of
domain: resource
range: license
editor note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a license file.

license of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
comment: inverse of property "license"

has location
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: location of
comment: The property is a relationship between a thing and a place its located at.

location of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "location"

has media type
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: media type of
domain: resource
range: media type
comment: The property relates a resource to its data format.

media type of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
editor note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "media type"

member
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has part
inverse of: member of
comment: The property is a relationship between a consortium and an organization that is a member of the consortium.

member of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: part of
comment: The property is a relationship between an organization and a consortium it belongs to.
comment: inverse of property "member"

has parent organization
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: has subsidiary organization
comment: The property is a parental relationship between organizations.

has part
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: part of
comment: The generic property is a relationship between a thing and its part.

part of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The generic property is a relationship between a thing and a thing in which it is physically or logically included.

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: participant of
comment: The property is a relationship between a project and an agent that participates in the project.

participant of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "participant"

has partner organization
type: ObjectProperty
type: SymmetricProperty
comment: The property is a partner relationship between organizations. The property is symmetric.

has programming language
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is encoded in
inverse of: programming language of
domain: software
range: programming language
comment: The property links software to a programming language its written in.

programming language of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "programming language"

has publisher
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: publisher of
domain: resource
range: agent
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and an organization or a person responsible for publishing it.

publisher of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "publisher"

has related project
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: project
  union of: resource
range: project
comment: The property is a relationship between a project or a resource and related projects.

represented collection
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denotes
inverse of: represented collection of
domain: Class
  union of: data portal
  union of: dataset
range: collection
comment: The property is a relationship between a dataset and a collection it represents.

represented collection of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denoted by
comment: inverse of property "represented collection"

has semantic expressivity
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has quality
inverse of: semantic expressivity of
domain: resource
range: semantic expressivity
comment: The property relates a resource to its semantic expressivity spectrum.

semantic expressivity of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quality of
comment: inverse of property "semantic expressivity"

has software
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: software of
domain: resource
range: software
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a software it uses.

software of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
editor note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "sofware"

has sparql endpoint
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: sparql endpoint of
domain: resource
range: resource
comment: The property relates a data resource to its SPARQL Endpoint.

sparql endpoint of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
editor note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "sparql endpoint"

has specification
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: specification of
domain: resource
range: specification
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the international standard or norm.

specification of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
editor note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "specification"

has standard
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: standard of
domain: resource
range: standard
comment: The property relates a resource to the standard it relies on.

standard of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
editor note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "standard"

subject area
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: has quality
inverse of: subject area of
domain: Class
  union of: agent
  union of: project
  union of: resource
range: academic discipline
curator note: to check for BFO superproperty
comment: The property establishes a connection between a resource, an agent, or a project, and the academic discipline, subject area, or domain within which they operate.

subject area of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: quality of
comment: inverse of property "subject area"

has subsidiary organization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of "parent organization"

has technology
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: technology of
domain: resource
range: technological means
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a technology it uses.

technology of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: is about
editor note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
comment: inverse of property "technology"

url
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denoted by
inverse of: url of
domain: Thing
range: Thing
comment: The property is a relationship between a thing and a url associated with the thing.

url of
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: denotes
comment: inverse of property "url"

birth date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: person
range: Literal
editor note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person was born.

death date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: person
range: Literal
editor note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person passed away.

dissolution date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: organization
range: Literal
editor note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.
comment: The property refers to the date on which the organization ceased to exist or was formally dissolved.

email address
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: agent
range: Literal
comment: The property relates an agent to their email address.

end date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: event
range: Literal
editor note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.
comment: The property refers to the moment in time when an event ends.

file extension
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: resource
comment: An identifier for a file format (e.g. txt for a text file) used as a suffix to the file name, don't use dot at start.
example: mp4
example: ttl
example: txt
example: xml

foundation date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: organization
range: Literal
editor note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.
comment: The property refers to the specific date on which the organization was officially established or founded.

start date
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: event
range: Literal
editor note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.
comment: The property refers to the moment in time when an event begins.

software development
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: planned process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has_specified_output
    some values from: Class
      union of: software
      union of: source code module
subclass of: planned process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has_specified_output
  some values from: Class
    union of: software
    union of: source code module
textual definition: A planned process that has specified output a software product and that involves the creation of source code.
term editor: Mathias Brochhausen
term editor: William R. Hogan
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development
IAO_0000600: A planned process resulting in a software product involving the creation of source code.

entity
type: Class
BFO_0000179: entity
BFO_0000180: Entity
example of usage: Julius Caesar
example of usage: Verdi’s Requiem
example of usage: the Second World War
example of usage: your body mass index
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
editor note: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
IAO_0000600: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])

Axiom
annotated source: entity
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000004
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith

Axiom
annotated source: entity
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/001-001

continuant
type: Class
subclass of: entity
disjoint with: occurrent
disjoint with: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: occurrent
BFO_0000179: continuant
BFO_0000180: Continuant
textual definition: An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
editor note: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
IAO_0000600: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
IAO_0000601: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
IAO_0000601: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
IAO_0000601: if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000007

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002

Axiom
annotated source: continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002

occurrent
type: Class
subclass of: entity
disjoint with: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: continuant
BFO_0000179: occurrent
BFO_0000180: Occurrent
textual definition: An entity that has temporal parts and that happens, unfolds or develops through time.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: every occurrent that is not a temporal or spatiotemporal region is s-dependent on some independent continuant that is not a spatial region
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: s-dependence obtains between every process and its participants in the sense that, as a matter of necessity, this process could not have existed unless these or those participants existed also. A process may have a succession of participants at different phases of its unfolding. Thus there may be different players on the field at different times during the course of a football game; but the process which is the entire game s-depends_on all of these players nonetheless. Some temporal parts of this process will s-depend_on on only some of the players.
editor note: Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
editor note: Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
IAO_0000600: An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
IAO_0000601: Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
IAO_0000601: b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]

Axiom
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Occurrent doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the sum of a process and the process boundary of another process.
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000006
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith

Axiom
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Simons uses different terminology for relations of occurrents to regions: Denote the spatio-temporal location of a given occurrent e by 'spn[e]' and call this region its span. We may say an occurrent is at its span, in any larger region, and covers any smaller region. Now suppose we have fixed a frame of reference so that we can speak not merely of spatio-temporal but also of spatial regions (places) and temporal regions (times). The spread of an occurrent, (relative to a frame of reference) is the space it exactly occupies, and its spell is likewise the time it exactly occupies. We write 'spr[e]' and `spl[e]' respectively for the spread and spell of e, omitting mention of the frame.
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000012

Axiom
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the instantaneous boundary of such an entity (for example a beginning or an ending) or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region which such an entity occupies_temporal_region or occupies_spatiotemporal_region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [077-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/077-002

Axiom
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: Every occurrent occupies_spatiotemporal_region some spatiotemporal region. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [108-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/108-001

Axiom
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: b is an occurrent entity iff b is an entity that has temporal parts. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [079-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/079-001

Axiom
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Occurrent x) (exists (r) (and (SpatioTemporalRegion r) (occupiesSpatioTemporalRegion x r))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [108-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/108-001

Axiom
annotated source: occurrent
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (iff (Occurrent x) (and (Entity x) (exists (y) (temporalPartOf y x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [079-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/079-001

independent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
disjoint with: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
BFO_0000179: ic
BFO_0000180: IndependentContinuant
example of usage: a chair
example of usage: a heart
example of usage: a leg
example of usage: a molecule
example of usage: a spatial region
example of usage: an atom
example of usage: an orchestra.
example of usage: an organism
example of usage: the bottom right portion of a human torso
example of usage: the interior of your mouth
textual definition: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
IAO_0000601: For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
IAO_0000601: For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
IAO_0000602: (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002

Axiom
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002

spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
disjoint with: site
BFO_0000179: s-region
BFO_0000180: SpatialRegion
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Spatial regions do not participate in processes.
editor note: Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
IAO_0000600: A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
IAO_0000601: All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]

Axiom
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Spatial region doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't exhaust all possibilites. An example would be the union of a spatial point and a spatial line that doesn't overlap the point, or two spatial lines that intersect at a single point. In both cases the resultant spatial region is neither 0-dimensional, 1-dimensional, 2-dimensional, or 3-dimensional.
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000002
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith

Axiom
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant_part_of spaceR as defined relative to some frame R. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [035-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/035-001

Axiom
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: All continuant parts of spatial regions are spatial regions. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [036-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/036-001

Axiom
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x y t) (if (and (SpatialRegion x) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)) (SpatialRegion y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [036-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/036-001

Axiom
annotated source: spatial region
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (SpatialRegion x) (Continuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [035-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/035-001

process
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
BFO_0000179: process
BFO_0000180: Process
example of usage: a process of cell-division, \ a beating of the heart
example of usage: a process of meiosis
example of usage: a process of sleeping
example of usage: the course of a disease
example of usage: the flight of a bird
example of usage: the life of an organism
example of usage: your process of aging.
textual definition: p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: The realm of occurrents is less pervasively marked by the presence of natural units than is the case in the realm of independent continuants. Thus there is here no counterpart of ‘object’. In BFO 1.0 ‘process’ served as such a counterpart. In BFO 2.0 ‘process’ is, rather, the occurrent counterpart of ‘material entity’. Those natural – as contrasted with engineered, which here means: deliberately executed – units which do exist in the realm of occurrents are typically either parasitic on the existence of natural units on the continuant side, or they are fiat in nature. Thus we can count lives; we can count football games; we can count chemical reactions performed in experiments or in chemical manufacturing. We cannot count the processes taking place, for instance, in an episode of insect mating behavior.Even where natural units are identifiable, for example cycles in a cyclical process such as the beating of a heart or an organism’s sleep/wake cycle, the processes in question form a sequence with no discontinuities (temporal gaps) of the sort that we find for instance where billiard balls or zebrafish or planets are separated by clear spatial gaps. Lives of organisms are process units, but they too unfold in a continuous series from other, prior processes such as fertilization, and they unfold in turn in continuous series of post-life processes such as post-mortem decay. Clear examples of boundaries of processes are almost always of the fiat sort (midnight, a time of death as declared in an operating theater or on a death certificate, the initiation of a state of war)
IAO_0000602: (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]

Axiom
annotated source: process
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: p is a process = Def. p is an occurrent that has temporal proper parts and for some time t, p s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [083-003])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/083-003

Axiom
annotated source: process
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (iff (Process a) (and (Occurrent a) (exists (b) (properTemporalPartOf b a)) (exists (c t) (and (MaterialEntity c) (specificallyDependsOnAt a c t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [083-003]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/083-003

disposition
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
disjoint with: role
BFO_0000179: disposition
BFO_0000180: Disposition
example of usage: an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
example of usage: certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
example of usage: children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
example of usage: the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
IAO_0000600: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
IAO_0000601: If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002

Axiom
annotated source: disposition
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002

realizable entity
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: quality
BFO_0000179: realizable
BFO_0000180: RealizableEntity
example of usage: the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
example of usage: the disposition of your blood to coagulate
example of usage: the function of your reproductive organs
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
textual definition: A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
IAO_0000600: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
IAO_0000601: All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002

Axiom
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002

quality
type: Class
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
BFO_0000179: quality
BFO_0000180: Quality
example of usage: the ambient temperature of this portion of air
example of usage: the color of a tomato
example of usage: the length of the circumference of your waist
example of usage: the mass of this piece of gold.
example of usage: the shape of your nose
example of usage: the shape of your nostril
IAO_0000600: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
IAO_0000601: If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001

Axiom
annotated source: quality
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001

specifically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
BFO_0000179: sdc
BFO_0000180: SpecificallyDependentContinuant
example of usage: Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
example of usage: of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
example of usage: of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
example of usage: the disposition of this fish to decay
example of usage: the function of this heart: to pump blood
example of usage: the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
example of usage: the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
example of usage: the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the shape of this hole.
example of usage: the smell of this portion of mozzarella
textual definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
editor note: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
IAO_0000602: (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: editor note
annotated target: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000005
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith

Axiom
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003

role
type: Class
subclass of: realizable entity
BFO_0000179: role
BFO_0000180: Role
example of usage: John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
example of usage: the priest role
example of usage: the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
example of usage: the role of a building in serving as a military target
example of usage: the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
example of usage: the role of subject in a clinical trial
example of usage: the student role
textual definition: A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
IAO_0000600: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]

Axiom
annotated source: role
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001

Axiom
annotated source: role
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001

site
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
BFO_0000179: site
BFO_0000180: Site
example of usage: Manhattan Canyon)
example of usage: a hole in the interior of a portion of cheese
example of usage: a rabbit hole
example of usage: an air traffic control region defined in the airspace above an airport
example of usage: the Grand Canyon
example of usage: the Piazza San Marco
example of usage: the cockpit of an aircraft
example of usage: the hold of a ship
example of usage: the interior of a kangaroo pouch
example of usage: the interior of the trunk of your car
example of usage: the interior of your bedroom
example of usage: the interior of your office
example of usage: the interior of your refrigerator
example of usage: the lumen of your gut
example of usage: your left nostril (a fiat part – the opening – of your left nasal cavity)
IAO_0000600: b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]

Axiom
annotated source: site
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: b is a site means: b is a three-dimensional immaterial entity that is (partially or wholly) bounded by a material entity or it is a three-dimensional immaterial part thereof. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [034-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/034-002

Axiom
annotated source: site
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Site x) (ImmaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [034-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/034-002

generically dependent continuant
type: Class
subclass of: continuant
BFO_0000179: gdc
BFO_0000180: GenericallyDependentContinuant
example of usage: The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
example of usage: the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
example of usage: the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
textual definition: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
IAO_0000602: (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]

Axiom
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated property: textual definition
annotated target: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001

Axiom
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001

function
type: Class
subclass of: disposition
BFO_0000179: function
BFO_0000180: Function
example of usage: the function of a hammer to drive in nails
example of usage: the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
example of usage: the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
IAO_0000600: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]

Axiom
annotated source: function
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001

Axiom
annotated source: function
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001

material entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
disjoint with: immaterial entity
BFO_0000179: material
BFO_0000180: MaterialEntity
example of usage: a flame
example of usage: a forest fire
example of usage: a human being
example of usage: a hurricane
example of usage: a photon
example of usage: a puff of smoke
example of usage: a sea wave
example of usage: a tornado
example of usage: an aggregate of human beings.
example of usage: an energy wave
example of usage: an epidemic
example of usage: the undetached arm of a human being
textual definition: An independent continuant that is spatially extended whose identity is independent of that of other entities and can be maintained through time.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Material entities (continuants) can preserve their identity even while gaining and losing material parts. Continuants are contrasted with occurrents, which unfold themselves in successive temporal parts or phases [60
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Object, Fiat Object Part and Object Aggregate are not intended to be exhaustive of Material Entity. Users are invited to propose new subcategories of Material Entity.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: ‘Matter’ is intended to encompass both mass and energy (we will address the ontological treatment of portions of energy in a later version of BFO). A portion of matter is anything that includes elementary particles among its proper or improper parts: quarks and leptons, including electrons, as the smallest particles thus far discovered; baryons (including protons and neutrons) at a higher level of granularity; atoms and molecules at still higher levels, forming the cells, organs, organisms and other material entities studied by biologists, the portions of rock studied by geologists, the fossils studied by paleontologists, and so on.Material entities are three-dimensional entities (entities extended in three spatial dimensions), as contrasted with the processes in which they participate, which are four-dimensional entities (entities extended also along the dimension of time).According to the FMA, material entities may have immaterial entities as parts – including the entities identified below as sites; for example the interior (or ‘lumen’) of your small intestine is a part of your body. BFO 2.0 embodies a decision to follow the FMA here.
IAO_0000600: A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
IAO_0000601: Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
IAO_0000601: every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
IAO_0000602: (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]

Axiom
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt y x t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [020-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/020-002

Axiom
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: IAO_0000600
annotated target: A material entity is an independent continuant that has some portion of matter as proper or improper continuant part. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [019-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/019-002

Axiom
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: Every entity which has a material entity as continuant part is a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [020-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/020-002

Axiom
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: IAO_0000601
annotated target: every entity of which a material entity is continuant part is also a material entity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [021-002])
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/021-002

Axiom
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (MaterialEntity x) (IndependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [019-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/019-002

Axiom
annotated source: material entity
annotated property: IAO_0000602
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (and (Entity x) (exists (y t) (and (MaterialEntity y) (continuantPartOfAt x y t)))) (MaterialEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [021-002]
IAO_0010000: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/021-002

immaterial entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
BFO_0000179: immaterial
BFO_0000180: ImmaterialEntity
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Immaterial entities are divided into two subgroups:boundaries and sites, which bound, or are demarcated in relation, to material entities, and which can thus change location, shape and size and as their material hosts move or change shape or size (for example: your nasal passage; the hold of a ship; the boundary of Wales (which moves with the rotation of the Earth) [38, 7, 10

objective specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: objective specification
example of usage: In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
editor note: 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
editor note: 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
editor note: Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Barry Smith
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
IAO_0000118: goal specification
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
definition source: OBI_0000217

action specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
example of usage: Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch

software
type: Class
equivalent class: software
subclass of: plan specification
subclass of: creative work
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: software
IAO_0000114: metadata complete
textual definition: Software is a plan specification composed of a series of instructions that can be interpreted by or directly executed by a processing unit.
editor note: see sourceforge tracker discussion at http://sourceforge.net/tracker/index.php?func=detail&aid=1958818&group_id=177891&atid=886178
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
definition source: GROUP: OBI

programming language
type: Class
equivalent class: programming language
subclass of: technological means
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: programming language
example of usage: R, Perl, Java
IAO_0000114: metadata complete
textual definition: A language in which source code is written that is intended to be executed/run by a software interpreter. Programming languages are ways to write instructions that specify what to do, and sometimes, how to do it.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000058
definition source: group:OBI

data item
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data item
example of usage: Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
IAO_0000114: pending final vetting
textual definition: An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
editor note: 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
editor note: 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
editor note: 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
editor note: JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
editor note: 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
IAO_0000118: data

information content entity
type: Class
subclass of: generically dependent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: information content entity
example of usage: Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
textual definition: An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity.
editor note: 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
editor note: information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000142
definition source: IAO

directive information entity
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: realizable entity
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
editor note: Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters

curation status specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: example to be eventually removed
  one of: metadata complete
  one of: organizational term
  one of: ready for release
  one of: metadata incomplete
  one of: uncurated
  one of: pending final vetting
  one of: to be replaced with external ontology term
  one of: requires discussion
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: curation status specification
IAO_0000114: pending final vetting
textual definition: The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
term editor: PERSON:Bill Bug
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: OBI_0000266

source code module
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: source code module
example of usage: The written source code that implements part of an algorithm. Test - if you know that it was written in a specific language, then it can be source code module. We mean here, roughly, the wording of a document such as a perl script.
IAO_0000114: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A source code module is a directive information entity that specifies, using a programming language, some algorithm.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000039
definition source: group:OBI

data about an ontology part
type: Class
subclass of: data item
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data about an ontology part
textual definition: Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

plan specification
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: objective specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: action specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: plan specification
example of usage: PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
IAO_0000114: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
editor note: 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
editor note: Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Clint Dowland
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
definition source: OBI_0000344
comment: 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them

obsolescence reason specification
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: failed exploratory term
  one of: placeholder removed
  one of: terms merged
  one of: term imported
  one of: term split
  one of: out of scope
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: obsolescence reason specification
IAO_0000114: pending final vetting
textual definition: The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot

document
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: document
example of usage: A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
IAO_0000114: metadata complete
textual definition: A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter

publication
type: Class
equivalent class: publication
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: document
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is_specified_output_of
    all values from: publishing process
subclass of: document
subclass of: creative work
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: publication
example of usage: journal article, newspaper story, book, etc.
IAO_0000114: metadata complete
textual definition: A document that is the output of a publishing process.
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON: Jie Zheng
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
IAO_0000118: published document
IAO_0000233: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/232
comment: Revisit the term in Octorber 2020. Improve the defintion.

denotator type
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  one of: universal
  one of: defined class
  one of: named class expression
subclass of: data about an ontology part
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: denotator type
example of usage: The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
textual definition: A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters

publishing process
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
IAO_0000114: metadata complete
textual definition: A planned process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free.
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng
definition source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing
IAO_0000233: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/232
IAO_0000234: VEuPathDB

planned process
type: Class
subclass of: process
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: planned process
textual definition: A process that realizes a plan which is the concretization of a plan specification.
IAO_0000412: obi.owl

software license
type: Class
equivalent class: license
subclass of: information content entity
textual definition: A licence is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
definition source: Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
creator: James Malone
label: licence

object type
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
textual definition: An entity that represents the category or classification of a tangible or conceptual item.
comment: A digital resource is of object type 'image'.

academic discipline
type: Class
subclass of: quality
textual definition: A quality of an entity that specifies the subject area, domain or academic discipline of an entity.
editor note: 2024-03-26: SB & JW: Following the OMIT Ontology, the academy discilpine is defined as a subclass of bfo:quality (see e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMIT_0001008)
comment: An academic discipline, a research field or domain of an entity, e.g. a domain of a data portal or a field of study of a person.
example: Q12271
example: Architecture, Art History, Musicology, Media Studies, Performing Arts

agent
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
textual definition: An independent continuant that acts autonomously and is entrusted with the authority to represent, negotiate, or act on behalf of another agent.
comment: A class that represents entities that are capable of autonomous actions, decision-making, or interaction within a given environment, e.g. persons or organizations.
example: Torsten Schrade, Linnaea Söhn, Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz

city
type: Class
subclass of: place
textual definition: A place that refers to a densely populated urban area.
comment: A city or a town where the thing is located.
example: Berlin, Hannover, Kyiv

collection
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
textual definition: A material entity that represents a collection of material entities intended to be understood together as a whole.
comment: A tangible collection of valuables published or curated by an organization or a person.
example: A collection of arts displayed at the museum

consortium
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has part
    some values from: consortium member
textual definition: An organisation that consists of multiple independent groups and individuals, who join together to collaborate on a specific goal.
comment: A consortium of autonomous organizations collaborating towards a shared goal, operating within the framework of an agreement.
example: NFDI4Culture, NFDI-MatWerk, DataPLANT.

consortium member
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has role
    all values from: consortium member role
subclass of: organization
textual definition: An organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
comment: A consortium member refers to an individual organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
example: Museums of City Cologne is a member of NFDI4Culture consortium.

consortium member role
type: Class
subclass of: role
textual definition: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organsation is a member of a consortium.
comment: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organsation is a member of a consortium.

contact point role
type: Class
subclass of: role
textual definition: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project.
comment: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project.

contacting
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
textual definition: A planned process in which the contact information of an entity is provided.
comment: A planned process in which the contact information of an entity is provided.

contributing
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
textual definition: A planned process of contibuting or providing information to an endeavor.
comment: The contibution or provision of information to an endeavor.

contributor role
type: Class
subclass of: role
textual definition: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of an entity.
comment: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of an entity.

controlled vocabulary
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
textual definition: Semantic expressivity that refers to a standardized set of terms and descriptors used to index and retrieve information systematically.
comment: A standardized set of terms and descriptors used to index and retrieve information systematically.
example: the Union List of Artist Names (ULAN), the Cultural Objects Name Authority (CONA)

country
type: Class
subclass of: place
textual definition: A place that refers to a defined geographical area distinguished by its territorial boundaries, governance structure, and sovereignty.
comment: A country where the thing is located.

creative work
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: information content entity
  intersection of: CreativeWork
subclass of: resource
subclass of: CreativeWork
textual definition: An information content entity that refers to a manifestation of someone's creative effort.
editor note: 2024-03-22. Sasha Bruns - Unlike schema:CreativeWork, nfdicore:CreativeWork is specialized to cover digital creative works only. Through the mapping to "schema:CreativeWork and 'information content entity'", we exclude material creative works such as real paintings, architectural objects, and other physical artifacts, which fall outside the scope of nfdicore:CreativeWork.
comment: A creative work refers to a digital intellectual or artistic resource, e.g. a dataset, metadata, a guideline, a software and other materials offering relevant information or instructions within their specific domains.
example: TRANSRAZ Data Model, NFDI4Culture Knowledge Graph, Guide for digital collection management at art museums, NFDI4Culture SPARQL Endpoint, Registry for Tools & Services, RADAR4Culture service, etc.

data curation service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: The activity of managing and promoting the use of data from their point of creation to ensure that they are fit for contemporary purpose and available for discovery and reuse. For dynamic datasets this may mean continuous enrichment or updating to keep them fit for purpose. Higher levels of curation will also involve links with annotation and with other published materials

data portal
type: Class
subclass of: website
textual definition: A website that serves as a centralized platform for accessing, managing, and sharing datasets, information, or resources related to a specific topic, theme, or domain.
comment: An online platform that provides access to datasets.
example: Bach digital, KultSam, MusiXplora

databases service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that provides large amounts of structured data from repositories and archives to the user. Usually the data can be uploaded, accessed, searched and/or downloaded via a web browser.

dataset
type: Class
subclass of: creative work
textual definition: A creative work that refers to a structured collection of data, organized typically for a specific goal such as analysis, research, or reference.
editor note: 2024-04-10. Sasha Bruns: nfdicore:dataset and ioa:data set are not equivalent, due to their differing conceptualizations of what constitutes a iao:data item, which is a superclass of iao:data set. In the nfdicore ontology, a dataset may not necessarily align perfectly with the definition of a data item, since this definition implies a level of accuracy that may not always apply to datasets in their entirety. While a nfdicore:dataset may contain data items, it doesn't necessarily qualify as a data item itself under the strict definition provided by ioa:dataset. This differentiation helps us avoid ambiguity and ensures that our modeling aligns with the intended semantics.
comment: Structured information about a resource provided by an organization or a person.
example: Fotothek Bibliotheca Hertziana Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte 320px static derivates research dataset (https://doi.org/10.17617/3.SVH2BT)

event
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
textual definition: An occurent that represents an occurence or happening that unfolds in time.
comment: A class that represents entities that occur or unfold in time, typically characterized by a specific happening or occurrence with temporal properties. Events encompass a wide range of occurrences, including but not limited to happenings, incidents, activities, or processes.
example: conferences, wars, strikes, celebrations, accidents, workshops, meetings, or any other specific incident or happening.

federal state
type: Class
subclass of: place
textual definition: A place that refers to a geographical territory forming part of a country.
comment: A federal state where the thing is located.
example: Sachsen, Berlin @de

funding organization role
type: Class
subclass of: role
textual definition: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects.
comment: A role inhering in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects.

glossary
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
textual definition: Semantic expressivity that refers to a list of terms and their definitions within a specific domain or academic discipline.
comment: A compilation of terms and their definitions within a specific domain or academic discipline.
example: ICOM Museum Glossary

libraries & APIs service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Collection of pre-implemented functions for a specific task that can be accessed via a well-defined interface.

license
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
textual definition: An information content entity that refers to a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
comment: A document that provides legal guidelines for the use of a resource, e.g. a software.
example: cc-by-3, Digital Peer Publishing Lizenz

MIME-type
type: Class
subclass of: media type
textual definition: A media type that serves as a standardized identifier for specifying the nature and format of data.
comment: The MIME-type template of the resource (see https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml)
example: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/dicom, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/video/mp4, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/n3

media type
type: Class
subclass of: directive information entity
textual definition: A directive information entity that describes a media type a bearer has.
comment: A digital resource format or physical medium.
example: doc, avi, mpeg, epub, txt, MIME-type, record, cassette, VHS, LaserDiscs, CD, DVD, Blu-ray color lithograph, text book

ontology
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
textual definition: Semantic expressivity that refers to a semantic framework that represents knowledge about a domain, including concepts, entities, properties, and relationships, in a structured and machine-understandable manner.
comment: A semantic framework that represents knowledge about a domain, including concepts, entities, properties, and relationships, in a structured and formalized manner, enabling machine-understandable reasoning and inference.
example: CIDOC-CRM, BFO, nfdicore

organization
type: Class
subclass of: agent
textual definition: An agent that refers to a group of individuals, which structures and coordinates the activities of individuals or groups toward achieving common goal within a defined framework.
comment: An organization of some kind, e.g. research organization or business organization
example: University Library in Leipzig, Museums of City Cologne

person
type: Class
subclass of: agent
textual definition: An agent that represents a single human individual.
editor note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns - the class is not mapped to NCBITaxon_9606 (homo sapiens) due to different scope of the ontologies. "Person" in nfdicore represents entities with specific roles, responsibilities, and attributes within an organization, and is not limited to its biological characteristics.
comment: A resource that represents a single person.
example: Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz, Sasha Bruns, Etienne Posthumus

place
type: Class
subclass of: site
textual definition: A site that refers to geographical locations, such as cities, countries, landmarks, and natural environments.
comment: A spatial region, e.g. country, city or district.
example: Hessen, Berlin, Schweiz

programming language
type: Class
subclass of: technological means
textual definition: A technological means that is used for implementing software.
comment: A formal language used for implementing a software.
example: Java, Ruby, C++, Perl, PHP

project
type: Class
subclass of: planned process
textual definition: A planned process of a scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.
comment: A scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.
example: Freischütz digital, Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi

publication
type: Class
subclass of: document
subclass of: creative work
textual definition: A creative work that is the output of a publishing process.
comment: A published scholarly work that reports on ongoing activity about or within a resource, e.g. a dataset.
example: MusiXplora: Visual analysis of a musicological encyclopedia, Textkategorien in kompositorischen Werkstattdokumenten

publisher role
type: Class
subclass of: role
textual definition: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document.
comment: A role inhering in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document.

resource
type: Class
subclass of: information content entity
textual definition: An information content entity that refers to digital creative works and services, and is utilized to organize the resources of NFDI.
editor note: 2024-03-25 - Sasha Bruns: This class is useful in nfdicore to provide a unified and structured representation of the diverse range of resources that contribute to the NFDI infrastructure. IMO, it helps to emphasize the scope of resources that can be contributed to the NFDI compared to all information content entites in IAO.
comment: The most generic kind of a resource and may be associated with any kind of digital creative work, e.g. datasets, collections, metadata; offered products and services, e.g. data portals, data curation, data digitization.

semantic expressivity
type: Class
subclass of: quality
textual definition: A quality of a resource that defines the degree of expressivity in the semantic representation of a resource.
comment: The class represents the degree of expressivity in the semantic representation of a resource, such as an ontology, taxonomy, or glossary. It specifies the extent to which the resource captures and conveys the meaning, relationships, and semantics of concepts within a knowledge domain.
example: controlled vocabulary, ontology, taxonomy

service
type: Class
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: information content entity
  intersection of: Service
subclass of: resource
subclass of: Service
textual definition: An information content entity that refers to offerings provided by individuals or organizations to facilitate and contribute to the specific goals.
comment: Services are resources offered by organizations or people to support and contribute to the predefined goals of a project. Services may encompass a diverse range of contributions such as data curation, specialized expertise, skill and various other forms of support.
example: Data curation for HeiDATA, Expertise for the development and application of LIDO

software
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
subclass of: creative work
textual definition: A creative work that comprises a set of instructions, programs, or algorithms designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer or other electronic devices.
comment: A computer software provided by an organization or a person.
example: Edirom, Muscat

specification
type: Class
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: plan specification
  intersection of: creative work
textual definition: A creative work that defines the requirements, characteristics, or standards for the design, implementation, or operation of a system, product, or process.
editor note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns: specifications have dual nature - they are both directive information entities guiding actions (plan specification) and digital intellectual resources providing relevant information and guidelines (creative work).
comment: A set of requirements, guidelines, standards contributed by an organization or a person.
example: Guidelines, technical specifications, design specifications

standard
type: Class
subclass of: specification
textual definition: A specification that establishes a set of guidelines, criteria, or norms recognized and adopted by internationational community.
comment: An international standard and norm that can be used to evaluate or create a resource.
example: ISO 15511, DINI-Zertifikat

storage service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Provision of storage space for research data as a service to external users. Access is possible via web protocols.

support & consulting service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Service with direct user contact for topics going beyond the support for specific single services.

taxonomy
type: Class
subclass of: semantic expressivity
textual definition: Semantic expressivity that refers to a hierarchical classification system that organizes concepts into a tree-like structure.
comment: A hierarchical classification system that organizes concepts into a tree-like structure based on their shared characteristics and relationships.
example: Linnaean Taxonomy, Iconclass

technological means
type: Class
subclass of: plan specification
textual definition: A plan specification that refers to technology employed for the creation, management, utilization, or control of a resource.
comment: A technology, e.g. a web application or a programming framework used in a resource.
example: Groovy on Grails, Angular

thesaurus
type: Class
subclass of: controlled vocabulary
textual definition: A controlled vocabulary organized hierarchically and provided with associative relationships, such as synonyms, broader terms, and narrower terms.
comment: A hierarchical controlled vocabulary enriched with associative relationships, including synonyms, broader terms, and narrower terms.
example: Getty Art & Architecture Thesaurus, UNESCO Thesaurus for cultural and scientific documentation

tools & applications service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that can be downloaded and executed locally on the users' hardware.

training service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Standalone training for self-study can be considered a technical service (usually a web application). Generally speaking, training materials often come in the form of specific measures or tutorials that are attached to a service and that are designed to improve the user’s service experience. Our joint understanding of training as a stand-alone service, however, is not limited to the above and includes materials designed for education in all fields of research data management.

web applications service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that is installed on a server and can be used by users via a web page and the internet, for example Software-as-a-service (SaaS).

website
type: Class
subclass of: creative work
textual definition: A creative work that represents a collection of interconnected web pages, multimedia content, and digital resources accessible via the World Wide Web.
comment: A collection of webpages contributed by an organization or a person.
example: https:\/\/opac.rism.info

workflows & pipelines service
type: Class
subclass of: service
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that combines multiple tools/applications. They may be used locally or remotely via the internet.

CreativeWork
type: Class
comment: The most generic kind of creative work, including books, movies, photographs, software programs, etc.

Service
type: Class
comment: A service provided by an organization, e.g. delivery service, print services, etc.

example to be eventually removed
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: example to be eventually removed

failed exploratory term
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: failed exploratory term
textual definition: The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

metadata complete
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: metadata complete
textual definition: Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.

organizational term
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: organizational term
textual definition: Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release

ready for release
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: ready for release
textual definition: Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."

metadata incomplete
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: metadata incomplete
textual definition: Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.

uncurated
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: uncurated
textual definition: Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.

pending final vetting
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: pending final vetting
textual definition: All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.

placeholder removed
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: placeholder removed

terms merged
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: terms merged
editor note: An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.

term imported
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term imported
editor note: This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.

term split
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term split
editor note: This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.

universal
type: NamedIndividual
type: denotator type
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: universal
editor note: Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf

defined class
type: NamedIndividual
type: denotator type
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: defined class
textual definition: A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
editor note: "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

named class expression
type: NamedIndividual
type: denotator type
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: named class expression
textual definition: A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
editor note: named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

to be replaced with external ontology term
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: to be replaced with external ontology term
textual definition: Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: group:OBI

requires discussion
type: NamedIndividual
type: curation status specification
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: requires discussion
textual definition: A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: group:OBI

out of scope
type: NamedIndividual
type: obsolescence reason specification
textual definition: The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
editor note: This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
term editor: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432
IAO_0000233: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/77
IAO_0000234: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432

Harald Sack

Tabea Tietz

Oleksandra Bruns

Etienne Posthumus

Jörg Waitelonis

Contact Point of Project
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: project
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contact point role
  argument1: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: has role
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: realized in
  argument1: cr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: contact point of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p

Publisher
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: resource
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: publishing process
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: publisher role
  argument1: pr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: has role
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: pr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: realized in
  argument1: pr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: publisher of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r

Contact Point of Resource
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: resource
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contacting
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contact point role
  argument1: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: has role
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: realized in
  argument1: cr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: contact point of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r

Contributor
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: agent
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: resource
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contributing
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: contributor role
  argument1: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: has role
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: cr
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: realized in
  argument1: cr
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: contributor of
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/a
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/r

Funding Organization
is rule enabled: true
type: Imp
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: organization
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: project
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: ClassAtom
  class predicate: funding organization role
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/f
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: has role
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/f
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: realized in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/f
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
body: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: participates in
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
head: IndividualPropertyAtom
  property predicate: has funding organization
  argument1: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/p
  argument2: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/ontology/o