Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000004
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith
annotated property: editor note
annotated source: entity
annotated target: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/001-001
annotated property: elucidation
annotated source: entity
annotated target: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000007
annotated property: editor note
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002
annotated property: elucidation
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/009-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/126-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/008-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/011-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: continuant
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002
annotated property: textual definition
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated target: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated target: For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated target: For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/134-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/018-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/017-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: independent continuant
annotated target: (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002
annotated property: elucidation
annotated source: disposition
annotated target: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: disposition
annotated target: If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/063-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: disposition
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/062-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: disposition
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002
annotated property: elucidation
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated target: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated target: All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/060-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated target: (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/058-002
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: realizable entity
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001
annotated property: elucidation
annotated source: quality
annotated target: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(nl)
annotated source: quality
annotated target: If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/055-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: quality
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/105-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: quality
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003
annotated property: textual definition
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated target: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/0000005
comment: per discussion with Barry Smith
annotated property: editor note
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated target: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/050-003
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: specifically dependent continuant
annotated target: (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001
annotated property: elucidation
annotated source: role
annotated target: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/061-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: role
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001
annotated property: textual definition
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated target: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/074-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: generically dependent continuant
annotated target: (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001
annotated property: elucidation
annotated source: function
annotated target: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])

Axiom
has axiom label: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/bfo/axiom/064-001
annotated property: has associated axiom(fol)
annotated source: function
annotated target: (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]

Created in
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: Version in which a concept was created.
in subset: concept_properties

Documentation
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: 'Documentation' trailing modifier (qualifier, 'documentation') of 'xref' links of 'Format' concepts. When 'true', the link is pointing to a page with explanation, description, documentation, or specification of the given data format.
has related synonym: Specification
in subset: concept_properties

File extension
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: 'File extension' concept property ('file_extension' metadata tag) lists examples of usual file extensions of formats.
in subset: concept_properties
comment: N.B.: File extensions that are not correspondigly defined at http://filext.com are recorded in EDAM only if not in conflict with http://filext.com, and/or unique and usual within life-science computing.
comment: Separated by bar ('|'), without a dot ('.') prefix, preferrably not all capital characters.

OWL format
type: Class
Created in: beta12orEarlier
has definition: A serialisation format conforming to the Web Ontology Language (OWL) model.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
subclass of: RDF format

RDF format
type: Class
Created in: beta12orEarlier
has db xref: Resource Description Framework
has definition: A serialisation format conforming to the Resource Description Framework (RDF) model.
has exact synonym: Resource Description Framework format
has related synonym: RDF
has related synonym: Resource Description Framework
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
subclass of: data format specification

OWL Functional Syntax
type: Class
Created in: 1.2
has definition: A human-readable encoding for the Web Ontology Language (OWL).
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
subclass of: OWL format

Manchester OWL Syntax
type: Class
Created in: 1.2
has definition: A syntax for writing OWL class expressions.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: This format was influenced by the OWL Abstract Syntax and the DL style syntax.
subclass of: OWL format

Turtle
type: Class
Created in: 1.2
has definition: The Terse RDF Triple Language (Turtle) is a human-friendly serialisation format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: The SPARQL Query Language incorporates a very similar syntax.
subclass of: RDF format

N-Triples
type: Class
Created in: 1.2
File extension: nt
has definition: A plain text serialisation format for RDF (Resource Description Framework) graphs, and a subset of the Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language) format.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: N-Triples should not be confused with Notation 3 which is a superset of Turtle.
subclass of: RDF format

Notation3
type: Class
Created in: 1.2
File extension: n3
has definition: A shorthand non-XML serialisation of Resource Description Framework model, designed with human-readability in mind.
has exact synonym: N3
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
subclass of: RDF format

RDF/XML
type: Class
Created in: 1.2
File extension: rdf
has definition: Resource Description Framework (RDF) XML format.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: RDF/XML is a serialisation syntax for OWL DL, but not for OWL Full.
subclass of: RDF format

OWL/XML
type: Class
Created in: 1.2
has definition: OWL ontology XML serialisation format.
has narrow synonym: OWL
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
subclass of: OWL format

JSON-LD
type: Class
Created in: 1.15
Documentation: json-ld
File extension: jsonld
Media type: ld+json
has db xref: ld+json
has db xref: JSON-LD
has definition: JSON-LD, or JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data, is a method of encoding Linked Data using JSON.
has exact synonym: JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
subclass of: RDF format

N-Quads
type: Class
Created in: 1.24
Documentation: n-quads
File extension: nq
has definition: N-Quads is a line-based, plain text format for encoding an RDF dataset. It includes information about the graph each triple belongs to.
in subset: edam
in subset: formats
comment: N-Quads should not be confused with N-Triples which does not contain graph information.
subclass of: RDF format

Media type
type: AnnotationProperty
is metadata tag: true
has definition: 'Media type' trailing modifier (qualifier, 'media_type') of 'xref' links of 'Format' concepts. When 'true', the link is pointing to a page specifying a media type of the given data format.
has narrow synonym: MIME type
in subset: concept_properties

entity
type: Class
BFO_0000179: entity
BFO_0000180: Entity
example of usage: Julius Caesar
example of usage: Verdi’s Requiem
example of usage: the Second World War
example of usage: your body mass index
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In all areas of empirical inquiry we encounter general terms of two sorts. First are general terms which refer to universals or types:animaltuberculosissurgical procedurediseaseSecond, are general terms used to refer to groups of entities which instantiate a given universal but do not correspond to the extension of any subuniversal of that universal because there is nothing intrinsic to the entities in question by virtue of which they – and only they – are counted as belonging to the given group. Examples are: animal purchased by the Emperortuberculosis diagnosed on a Wednesdaysurgical procedure performed on a patient from Stockholmperson identified as candidate for clinical trial #2056-555person who is signatory of Form 656-PPVpainting by Leonardo da VinciSuch terms, which represent what are called ‘specializations’ in [81
editor note: Entity doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example Werner Ceusters 'portions of reality' include 4 sorts, entities (as BFO construes them), universals, configurations, and relations. It is an open question as to whether entities as construed in BFO will at some point also include these other portions of reality. See, for example, 'How to track absolutely everything' at http://www.referent-tracking.com/_RTU/papers/CeustersICbookRevised.pdf
elucidation: An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [001-001])
definition: (Elucidation) An entity is anything that exists or has existed or will exist
example: Julius Caesar; the Second World War; your body mass index; Verdi's Requiem

continuant
type: Class
BFO_0000179: continuant
BFO_0000180: Continuant
textual definition: An entity that exists in full at any time in which it exists at all, persists through time while maintaining its identity and has no temporal parts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Continuant entities are entities which can be sliced to yield parts only along the spatial dimension, yielding for example the parts of your table which we call its legs, its top, its nails. ‘My desk stretches from the window to the door. It has spatial parts, and can be sliced (in space) in two. With respect to time, however, a thing is a continuant.’ [60, p. 240
editor note: Continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. For example, in an expansion involving bringing in some of Ceuster's other portions of reality, questions are raised as to whether universals are continuants
elucidation: A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [008-002])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a continuant and if, for some t, c has_continuant_part b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [126-001])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a continuant and if, for some t, cis continuant_part of b at t, then c is a continuant. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [009-002])
has associated axiom(nl): if b is a material entity, then there is some temporal interval (referred to below as a one-dimensional temporal region) during which b exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [011-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (continuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [009-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x y) (if (and (Continuant x) (exists (t) (hasContinuantPartOfAt y x t))) (Continuant y))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [126-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Continuant x) (Entity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [008-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Material Entity x) (exists (t) (and (TemporalRegion t) (existsAt x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [011-002]
subclass of: entity
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: continuant
  on property: continuant part of
disjoint with: occurrent
definition: (Elucidation) A continuant is an entity that persists, endures, or continues to exist through time while maintaining its identity
example: A human being; a tennis ball; a cave; a region of space; someone's temperature

occurrent
type: Class
subclass of: entity
definition: (Elucidation) An occurrent is an entity that unfolds itself in time or it is the start or end of such an entity or it is a temporal or spatiotemporal region
example: As for process, history, process boundary, spatiotemporal region, zero-dimensional temporal region, one-dimensional temporal region, temporal interval, temporal instant.

independent continuant
type: Class
BFO_0000179: ic
BFO_0000180: IndependentContinuant
example of usage: a chair
example of usage: a heart
example of usage: a leg
example of usage: a molecule
example of usage: a spatial region
example of usage: an atom
example of usage: an orchestra.
example of usage: an organism
example of usage: the bottom right portion of a human torso
example of usage: the interior of your mouth
textual definition: b is an independent continuant = Def. b is a continuant which is such that there is no c and no t such that b s-depends_on c at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [017-002])
has associated axiom(nl): For any independent continuant b and any time t there is some spatial region r such that b is located_in r at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [134-001])
has associated axiom(nl): For every independent continuant b and time t during the region of time spanned by its life, there are entities which s-depends_on b during t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [018-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (IndependentContinuant x) (exists (r) (and (SpatialRegion r) (locatedInAt x r t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [134-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (and (IndependentContinuant x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (Entity y) (specificallyDependsOnAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [018-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (IndependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (not (exists (b t) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [017-002]
subclass of: continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: independent continuant
  on property: continuant part of
disjoint with: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
definition: b is an independent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is no c such that b specifically depends on c or b generically depends on c
example: An atom; a molecule; an organism; a heart; a chair; the bottom right portion of a human torso; a leg; the interior of your mouth; a spatial region; an orchestra

spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatial region
  on property: continuant part of
definition: (Elucidation) A spatial region is a continuant entity that is a continuant part of the spatial projection of a portion of spacetime at a given time
example: As for zero-dimensional spatial region, one-dimensional spatial region, two-dimensional spatial region, three-dimensional spatial region

temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: temporal region
  on property: occurrent part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: temporal region
  on property: temporal part of
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal region is an occurrent over which processes can unfold
example: As for zero-dimensional temporal region and one-dimensional temporal region

two-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: two-dimensional spatial region
    union of: zero-dimensional spatial region
    union of: one-dimensional spatial region
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A two-dimensional spatial region is a spatial region that is a whole consisting of a surface together with zero or more surfaces which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
example: The surface of a sphere-shaped part of space; an infinitely thin plane in space

spatiotemporal region
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatiotemporal region
  on property: occurrent part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatiotemporal region
  on property: temporal part of
definition: (Elucidation) A spatiotemporal region is an occurrent that is an occurrent part of spacetime
example: The spatiotemporal region occupied by the development of a cancer tumour; the spatiotemporal region occupied by an orbiting satellite
scope note: 'Spacetime' here refers to the maximal instance of the universal spatiotemporal region.

process
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
  on property: has occurrent part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: process
  on property: occurrent part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: process
  on property: temporal part of
alternative label: event
definition: (Elucidation) p is a process means p is an occurrent that has some temporal proper part and for some time t, p has some material entity as participant
example: An act of selling; the life of an organism; a process of sleeping; a process of cell-division; a beating of the heart; a process of meiosis; the taxiing of an aircraft; the programming of a computer

disposition
type: Class
BFO_0000179: disposition
BFO_0000180: Disposition
example of usage: an atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y
example of usage: certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer
example of usage: children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways.
example of usage: the cell wall is disposed to filter chemicals in endocytosis and exocytosis
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: Dispositions exist along a strength continuum. Weaker forms of disposition are realized in only a fraction of triggering cases. These forms occur in a significant number of cases of a similar type.
elucidation: b is a disposition means: b is a realizable entity & b’s bearer is some material entity & b is such that if it ceases to exist, then its bearer is physically changed, & b’s realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances, & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [062-002])
has associated axiom(nl): If b is a realizable entity then for all t at which b exists, b s-depends_on some material entity at t. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [063-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (and (RealizableEntity x) (existsAt x t)) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (specificallyDepends x y t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [063-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Disposition x) (and (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (MaterialEntity y) (bearerOfAt x y t)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [062-002]
subclass of: realizable entity
disjoint with: role
alternative label: internally-grounded realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) A disposition b is a realizable entity such that if b ceases to exist then its bearer is physically changed & b's realization occurs when and because this bearer is in some special physical circumstances & this realization occurs in virtue of the bearer's physical make-up
example: An atom of element X has the disposition to decay to an atom of element Y; the cell wall is disposed to transport cellular material through endocytosis and exocytosis; certain people have a predisposition to colon cancer; children are innately disposed to categorize objects in certain ways

realizable entity
type: Class
BFO_0000179: realizable
BFO_0000180: RealizableEntity
example of usage: the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity.
example of usage: the disposition of your blood to coagulate
example of usage: the function of your reproductive organs
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet
textual definition: A specifically dependent continuant that inheres in continuant entities and are not exhibited in full at every time in which it inheres in an entity or group of entities. The exhibition or actualization of a realizable entity is a particular manifestation, functioning or process that occurs under certain circumstances.
elucidation: To say that b is a realizable entity is to say that b is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region and is of a type instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [058-002])
has associated axiom(nl): All realizable dependent continuants have independent continuants that are not spatial regions as their bearers. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [060-002])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x t) (if (RealizableEntity x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (bearerOfAt y x t))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [060-002]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (RealizableEntity x) (and (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x) (exists (y) (and (IndependentContinuant y) (not (SpatialRegion y)) (inheresIn x y)))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [058-002]
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
disjoint with: quality
definition: (Elucidation) A realizable entity is a specifically dependent continuant that inheres in some independent continuant which is not a spatial region & which is of a type some instances of which are realized in processes of a correlated type
example: The role of being a doctor; the role of this boundary to delineate where Utah and Colorado meet; the function of your reproductive organs; the disposition of your blood to coagulate; the disposition of this piece of metal to conduct electricity

zero-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: zero-dimensional spatial region
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional spatial region is one or a collection of more than one spatially disjoint points in space
example: The spatial region occupied at some time instant by the North Pole

quality
type: Class
BFO_0000179: quality
BFO_0000180: Quality
example of usage: the ambient temperature of this portion of air
example of usage: the color of a tomato
example of usage: the length of the circumference of your waist
example of usage: the mass of this piece of gold.
example of usage: the shape of your nose
example of usage: the shape of your nostril
elucidation: a quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [055-001])
has associated axiom(nl): If an entity is a quality at any time that it exists, then it is a quality at every time that it exists. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [105-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Quality x) (SpecificallyDependentContinuant x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [055-001]
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (exists (t) (and (existsAt x t) (Quality x))) (forall (t_1) (if (existsAt x t_1) (Quality x))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [105-001]
subclass of: specifically dependent continuant
definition: (Elucidation) A quality is a specifically dependent continuant that, in contrast to roles and dispositions, does not require any further process in order to be realized
example: The colour of a tomato; the ambient temperature of this portion of air; the length of the circumference of your waist; the shape of your nose; the shape of your nostril; the mass of this piece of gold

specifically dependent continuant
type: Class
BFO_0000179: sdc
BFO_0000180: SpecificallyDependentContinuant
example of usage: Reciprocal specifically dependent continuants: the function of this key to open this lock and the mutually dependent disposition of this lock: to be opened by this key
example of usage: of one-sided specifically dependent continuants: the mass of this tomato
example of usage: of relational dependent continuants (multiple bearers): John’s love for Mary, the ownership relation between John and this statue, the relation of authority between John and his subordinates.
example of usage: the disposition of this fish to decay
example of usage: the function of this heart: to pump blood
example of usage: the mutual dependence of proton donors and acceptors in chemical reactions [79
example of usage: the mutual dependence of the role predator and the role prey as played by two organisms in a given interaction
example of usage: the pink color of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its center
example of usage: the role of being a doctor
example of usage: the shape of this hole.
example of usage: the smell of this portion of mozzarella
textual definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region and which is such that b s-depends_on c at every time t during the course of b’s existence. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [050-003])
editor note: Specifically dependent continuant doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all possibilites. We're not sure what else will develop here, but for example there are questions such as what are promises, obligation, etc.
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (SpecificallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (forall (t) (if (existsAt a t) (exists (b) (and (IndependentContinuant b) (not (SpatialRegion b)) (specificallyDependsOnAt a b t))))))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [050-003]
subclass of: continuant
disjoint with: generically dependent continuant
definition: b is a specifically dependent continuant =Def b is a continuant & there is some independent continuant c which is not a spatial region & which is such that b specifically depends on c
example: (with multiple bearers) John's love for Mary; the ownership relation between John and this statue; the relation of authority between John and his subordinates
example: (with one bearer) The mass of this tomato; the pink colour of a medium rare piece of grilled filet mignon at its centre; the smell of this portion of mozzarella; the disposition of this fish to decay; the role of being a doctor; the function of this heart to pump blood; the shape of this hole

role
type: Class
BFO_0000179: role
BFO_0000180: Role
example of usage: John’s role of husband to Mary is dependent on Mary’s role of wife to John, and both are dependent on the object aggregate comprising John and Mary as member parts joined together through the relational quality of being married.
example of usage: the priest role
example of usage: the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighboring administrative territories
example of usage: the role of a building in serving as a military target
example of usage: the role of a stone in marking a property boundary
example of usage: the role of subject in a clinical trial
example of usage: the student role
textual definition: A realizable entity the manifestation of which brings about some result or end that is not essential to a continuant in virtue of the kind of thing that it is but that can be served or participated in by that kind of continuant in some kinds of natural, social or institutional contexts.
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: One major family of examples of non-rigid universals involves roles, and ontologies developed for corresponding administrative purposes may consist entirely of representatives of entities of this sort. Thus ‘professor’, defined as follows,b instance_of professor at t =Def. there is some c, c instance_of professor role & c inheres_in b at t.denotes a non-rigid universal and so also do ‘nurse’, ‘student’, ‘colonel’, ‘taxpayer’, and so forth. (These terms are all, in the jargon of philosophy, phase sortals.) By using role terms in definitions, we can create a BFO conformant treatment of such entities drawing on the fact that, while an instance of professor may be simultaneously an instance of trade union member, no instance of the type professor role is also (at any time) an instance of the type trade union member role (any more than any instance of the type color is at any time an instance of the type length).If an ontology of employment positions should be defined in terms of roles following the above pattern, this enables the ontology to do justice to the fact that individuals instantiate the corresponding universals – professor, sergeant, nurse – only during certain phases in their lives.
elucidation: b is a role means: b is a realizable entity & b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be& b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [061-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Role x) (RealizableEntity x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [061-001]
subclass of: realizable entity
alternative label: externally-grounded realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) A role b is a realizable entity such that b exists because there is some single bearer that is in some special physical, social, or institutional set of circumstances in which this bearer does not have to be & b is not such that, if it ceases to exist, then the physical make-up of the bearer is thereby changed
example: The priest role; the student role; the role of subject in a clinical trial; the role of a stone in marking a property boundary; the role of a boundary to demarcate two neighbouring administrative territories; the role of a building in serving as a military target

fiat object part
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat object part b is a material entity & such that if b exists then it is continuant part of some object c & demarcated from the remainder of c by one or more fiat surfaces
example: The upper and lower lobes of the left lung; the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body; the Western hemisphere of the Earth; the FMA:regional parts of an intact human body

one-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: zero-dimensional spatial region
    union of: one-dimensional spatial region
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A one-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a line together with zero or more lines which may have points as parts
example: An edge of a cube-shaped portion of space; a line connecting two points; two parallel lines extended in space

object aggregate
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) An object aggregate is a material entity consisting exactly of a plurality (≥1) of objects as member parts which together form a unit
example: The aggregate of the musicians in a symphony orchestra and their instruments; the aggregate of bearings in a constant velocity axle joint; the nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere; a collection of cells in a blood biobank
scope note: 'Exactly' means that there are no parts of the object aggregate other than its member parts.
scope note: The unit can, at certain times, consist of exactly one object, for example, when a wolf litter loses all but one of its pups, but it must at some time have a plurality of member parts.

three-dimensional spatial region
type: Class
subclass of: spatial region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: spatial region
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A three-dimensional spatial region is a whole consisting of a spatial volume together with zero or more spatial volumes which may have spatial regions of lower dimension as parts
example: A cube-shaped region of space; a sphere-shaped region of space; the region of space occupied by all and only the planets in the solar system at some point in time

site
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: site
    union of: material entity
  on property: continuant part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: site
    union of: continuant fiat boundary
  on property: has continuant part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: three-dimensional spatial region
  on property: occupies spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) A site is a three-dimensional immaterial entity whose boundaries either (partially or wholly) coincide with the boundaries of one or more material entities or have locations determined in relation to some material entity
example: A hole in a portion of cheese; a rabbit hole; the Grand Canyon; the Piazza San Marco; the kangaroo-joey-containing hole of a kangaroo pouch; your left nostril (a fiat part - the opening - of your left nasal cavity); the lumen of your gut; the hold of a ship; the interior of the trunk of your car; hole in an engineered floor joist

object
type: Class
subclass of: material entity
definition: (Elucidation) An object is a material entity which manifests causal unity & is of a type instances of which are maximal relative to the sort of causal unity manifested
example: An organism; a fish tank; a planet; a laptop; a valve; a block of marble; an ice cube
scope note: A description of three primary sorts of causal unity is provided in Basic Formal Ontology 2.0. Specification and User Guide

generically dependent continuant
type: Class
BFO_0000179: gdc
BFO_0000180: GenericallyDependentContinuant
example of usage: The entries in your database are patterns instantiated as quality instances in your hard drive. The database itself is an aggregate of such patterns. When you create the database you create a particular instance of the generically dependent continuant type database. Each entry in the database is an instance of the generically dependent continuant type IAO: information content entity.
example of usage: the pdf file on your laptop, the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop
example of usage: the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule.
textual definition: b is a generically dependent continuant = Def. b is a continuant that g-depends_on one or more other entities. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [074-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (iff (GenericallyDependentContinuant a) (and (Continuant a) (exists (b t) (genericallyDependsOnAt a b t)))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [074-001]
subclass of: continuant
alternative label: g-dependent continuant
definition: (Elucidation) A generically dependent continuant is an entity that exists in virtue of the fact that there is at least one of what may be multiple copies which is the content or the pattern that multiple copies would share
example: The pdf file on your laptop; the pdf file that is a copy thereof on my laptop; the sequence of this protein molecule; the sequence that is a copy thereof in that protein molecule; the content that is shared by a string of dots and dashes written on a page and the transmitted Morse code signal; the content of a sentence; an engineering blueprint

function
type: Class
BFO_0000179: function
BFO_0000180: Function
example of usage: the function of a hammer to drive in nails
example of usage: the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity
example of usage: the function of amylase in saliva to break down starch into sugar
editor note: BFO 2 Reference: In the past, we have distinguished two varieties of function, artifactual function and biological function. These are not asserted subtypes of BFO:function however, since the same function – for example: to pump, to transport – can exist both in artifacts and in biological entities. The asserted subtypes of function that would be needed in order to yield a separate monoheirarchy are not artifactual function, biological function, etc., but rather transporting function, pumping function, etc.
elucidation: A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up and this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being, either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artifacts), in order to realize processes of a certain sort. (axiom label in BFO2 Reference: [064-001])
has associated axiom(fol): (forall (x) (if (Function x) (Disposition x))) // axiom label in BFO2 CLIF: [064-001]
subclass of: disposition
definition: (Elucidation) A function is a disposition that exists in virtue of its bearer's physical make-up & this physical make-up is something the bearer possesses because it came into being either through evolution (in the case of natural biological entities) or through intentional design (in the case of artefacts) in order to realize processes of a certain sort
example: The function of a hammer to drive in nails; the function of a heart pacemaker to regulate the beating of a heart through electricity

process boundary
type: Class
subclass of: occurrent
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: process boundary
  on property: has occurrent part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: process boundary
  on property: has temporal part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
  on property: occurrent part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: process
    union of: process boundary
  on property: temporal part of
definition: p is a process boundary =Def p is a temporal part of a process & p has no proper temporal parts
example: The boundary between the 2nd and 3rd year of your life

one-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: one-dimensional temporal region
    union of: zero-dimensional temporal region
  on property: has temporal part
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: one-dimensional temporal region
  on property: temporal part of
disjoint with: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A one-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole that has a temporal interval and zero or more temporal intervals and temporal instants as parts
example: The temporal region during which a process occurs

material entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: material entity
  on property: continuant part of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: site
    union of: material entity
    union of: continuant fiat boundary
  on property: has continuant part
disjoint with: immaterial entity
definition: (Elucidation) A material entity is an independent continuant has some portion of matter as continuant part
example: A human being; the undetached arm of a human being; an aggregate of human beings

part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: is part of
example of usage: my brain is part of my body (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach cavity is part of my stomach (continuant parthood, immaterial entity is part of material entity)
example of usage: this day is part of this year (occurrent parthood)
textual definition: a core relation that holds between a part and its whole
editor note: Everything is part of itself. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot be part of each other.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent can be part of an occurrent; only a process can be part of a process; only a continuant can be part of a continuant; only an independent continuant can be part of an independent continuant; only an immaterial entity can be part of an immaterial entity; only a specifically dependent continuant can be part of a specifically dependent continuant; only a generically dependent continuant can be part of a generically dependent continuant. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot be part of an occurrent: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot be part of a continuant: use 'has participant'. A material entity cannot be part of an immaterial entity: use 'has location'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot be part of an independent continuant: use 'inheres in'. An independent continuant cannot be part of a specifically dependent continuant: use 'bearer of'.
alternative label: part_of
deprecated: please use BFO2020 property 'is continuant part of' or 'is occurent part of'
inverse of: has part

has part
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has part
example of usage: my body has part my brain (continuant parthood, two material entities)
example of usage: my stomach has part my stomach cavity (continuant parthood, material entity has part immaterial entity)
example of usage: this year has part this day (occurrent parthood)
textual definition: a core relation that holds between a whole and its part
editor note: Everything has itself as a part. Any part of any part of a thing is itself part of that thing. Two distinct things cannot have each other as a part.
editor note: Occurrents are not subject to change and so parthood between occurrents holds for all the times that the part exists. Many continuants are subject to change, so parthood between continuants will only hold at certain times, but this is difficult to specify in OWL. See http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/ro/docs/temporal-semantics/
editor note: Parthood requires the part and the whole to have compatible classes: only an occurrent have an occurrent as part; only a process can have a process as part; only a continuant can have a continuant as part; only an independent continuant can have an independent continuant as part; only a specifically dependent continuant can have a specifically dependent continuant as part; only a generically dependent continuant can have a generically dependent continuant as part. (This list is not exhaustive.) A continuant cannot have an occurrent as part: use 'participates in'. An occurrent cannot have a continuant as part: use 'has participant'. An immaterial entity cannot have a material entity as part: use 'location of'. An independent continuant cannot have a specifically dependent continuant as part: use 'bearer of'. A specifically dependent continuant cannot have an independent continuant as part: use 'inheres in'.
alternative label: has_part
deprecated: please use the BFO2020 property 'has occurent part' or 'has continuant part'

has realization
type: ObjectProperty
domain: realizable entity
range: process
inverse of: realizes
alternative label: realized in
definition: b has realization c =Def c realizes b
example: As for realizes

realizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
range: realizable entity
definition: (Elucidation) realizes is a relation between a process b and realizable entity c such that c inheres in some d & for all t, if b has participant d then c exists & the type instantiated by b is correlated with the type instantiated by c
example: A balding process realizes a disposition to go bald; a studying process realizes a student role; a process of pumping blood realizes the pumping function of a heart
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

participates in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: generically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
range: process
inverse of: has participant
definition: (Elucidation) participates in holds between some b that is either a specifically dependent continuant or generically dependent continuant or independent continuant that is not a spatial region & some process p such that b participates in p some way
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has participant
type: ObjectProperty
domain: process
range: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: generically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
definition: p has participant c =Def c participates in p
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

is concretized by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: generically dependent continuant
range: Class
  union of: process
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
inverse of: concretizes
definition: c is concretized by b =Def b concretizes c
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

concretizes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
range: generically dependent continuant
definition: b concretizes c =Def b is a process or a specifically dependent continuant & c is a generically dependent continuant & there is some time t such that c is the pattern or content which b shares at t with actual or potential copies
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

preceded by
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
inverse of: precedes
definition: b preceded by c =Def b precedes c
example: The temporal region occupied by the second half of the match is preceded by the temporal region occupied by the first half of the match

precedes
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: (Elucidation) precedes is a relation between occurrents o, o' such that if t is the temporal extent of o & t' is the temporal extent of o' then either the last instant of o is before the first instant of o' or the last instant of o is the first instant of o' & neither o nor o' are temporal instants
example: The temporal region occupied by Mary's birth precedes the temporal region occupied by Mary's death.
scope note: Each temporal region is its own temporal extent. The temporal extent of a spatiotemporal region is the temporal region it temporally projects onto. The temporal extent of a process or process boundary that occupies temporal region t is t.
scope note: Precedes defines a strict partial order on occurrents.

occurs in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: Class
  union of: site
  union of: material entity
inverse of: environs
definition: b occurs in c =Def b is a process or a process boundary & c is a material entity or site & there exists a spatiotemporal region r & b occupies spatiotemporal region r & for all time t, if b exists at t then c exists at t & there exist spatial regions s and s' where b spatially projects onto s at t & c occupies spatial region s' at t & s is a continuant part of s' at t
example: A process of digestion occurs in the interior of an organism; a process of loading artillery rounds into a tank cannon occurs in the interior of the tank

generically depends on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: generically dependent continuant
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
inverse of: is carrier of
alternative label: g-depends on
definition: b generically depends on c =Def b is a generically dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & at some time t there inheres in c a specifically dependent continuant which concretizes b at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

is carrier of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: generically dependent continuant
definition: b is carrier of c =Def there is some time t such that c generically depends on b at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

exists at
type: ObjectProperty
domain: entity
range: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) exists at is a relation between a particular and some temporal region at which the particular exists
example: First World War exists at 1914-1916; Mexico exists at January 1, 2000

has member part
type: ObjectProperty
domain: material entity
range: material entity
sub property of: has continuant part
inverse of: member part of
definition: b has member part c =Def c member part of b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has occurrent part
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
inverse of: occurrent part of
definition: b has occurrent part c =Def c occurrent part of b
example: Mary's life has occurrent part Mary's 5th birthday

has temporal part
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
sub property of: has occurrent part
inverse of: temporal part of
definition: b has temporal part c =Def c temporal part of b
example: Your life has temporal part the first year of your life

location of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
inverse of: located in
definition: b location of c =Def c located in b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

material basis of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: material entity
range: disposition
inverse of: has material basis
definition: b material basis of c =Def c has material basis b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

member part of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: material entity
range: material entity
sub property of: continuant part of
definition: b member part of c =Def b is an object & c is a material entity & there is some time t such that b continuant part of c at t & there is a mutually exhaustive and pairwise disjoint partition of c into objects x1, ..., xn (for some n ≠ 1) with b = xi (for some 1 <= i <= n)
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

occurrent part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
definition: (Elucidation) occurrent part of is a relation between occurrents b and c when b is part of c
example: Mary's 5th birthday is an occurrent part of Mary's life; the first set of the tennis match is an occurrent part of the tennis match

temporal part of
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: occurrent
range: occurrent
sub property of: occurrent part of
definition: b temporal part of c =Def b occurrent part of c & (b and c are temporal regions) or (b and c are spatiotemporal regions & b temporally projects onto an occurrent part of the temporal region that c temporally projects onto) or (b and c are processes or process boundaries & b occupies a temporal region that is an occurrent part of the temporal region that c occupies)
example: Your heart beating from 4pm to 5pm today is a temporal part of the process of your heart beating; the 4th year of your life is a temporal part of your life, as is the process boundary which separates the 3rd and 4th years of your life; the first quarter of a game of football is a temporal part of the whole game

continuant fiat boundary
type: Class
subclass of: immaterial entity
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: continuant fiat boundary
  on property: location of
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: continuant fiat boundary
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A continuant fiat boundary b is an immaterial entity that is of zero, one or two dimensions & such that there is no time t when b has a spatial region as continuant part & whose location is determined in relation to some material entity
example: As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface

immaterial entity
type: Class
subclass of: independent continuant
definition: b is an immaterial entity =Def b is an independent continuant which is such that there is no time t when it has a material entity as continuant part
example: As for fiat point, fiat line, fiat surface, site

fiat line
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: Class
    union of: fiat line
    union of: fiat point
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat line is a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is continuous
example: The Equator; all geopolitical boundaries; all lines of latitude and longitude; the median sulcus of your tongue; the line separating the outer surface of the mucosa of the lower lip from the outer surface of the skin of the chin

relational quality
type: Class
subclass of: quality
definition: b is a relational quality =Def b is a quality & there exists c and d such that c and d are not identical & b specifically depends on c & b specifically depends on d
example: A marriage bond; an instance of love; an obligation between one person and another

fiat surface
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: continuant fiat boundary
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat surface is a two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that is self-connected
example: The surface of the Earth; the plane separating the smoking from the non-smoking zone in a restaurant

fiat point
type: Class
subclass of: continuant fiat boundary
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: fiat point
  on property: has continuant part
definition: (Elucidation) A fiat point is a zero-dimensional continuant fiat boundary that consists of a single point
example: The geographic North Pole; the quadripoint where the boundaries of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona meet; the point of origin of some spatial coordinate system

zero-dimensional temporal region
type: Class
subclass of: temporal region
subclass of: Restriction
  all values from: zero-dimensional temporal region
  on property: has temporal part
definition: (Elucidation) A zero-dimensional temporal region is a temporal region that is a whole consisting of one or more separated temporal instants as parts
example: A temporal region that is occupied by a process boundary; the moment at which a finger is detached in an industrial accident

temporally projects onto
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: spatiotemporal region
range: temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) temporally projects onto is a relation between a spatiotemporal region s and some temporal region which is the temporal extent of s
example: The world line of a particle temporally projects onto the temporal region extending from the beginning to the end of the existence of the particle

located in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
definition: b located in c =Def b is an independent continuant & c is an independent & neither is a spatial region & there is some time t such that the spatial region which b occupies at t is continuant part of the spatial region which c occupies at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

continuant part of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: continuant
range: continuant
inverse of: has continuant part
definition: b continuant part of c =Def b and c are continuants & there is some time t such that b and c exist at t & b continuant part of c at t
example: Milk teeth continuant part of human; surgically removed tumour continuant part of organism
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has continuant part
type: ObjectProperty
domain: continuant
range: continuant
definition: b has continuant part c =Def c continuant part of b
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

history
type: Class
subclass of: process
definition: (Elucidation) A history is a process that is the sum of the totality of processes taking place in the spatiotemporal region occupied by the material part of a material entity
example: The life of an organism from the beginning to the end of its existence

environs
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: site
  union of: material entity
range: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
alternative label: contains process
definition: b environs c =Def c occurs in b
example: Mouth environs process of mastication; city environs traffic

history of
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
type: InverseFunctionalProperty
domain: history
range: material entity
inverse of: has history
definition: (Elucidation) history of is a relation between history b and material entity c such that b is the unique history of c
example: This life is the history of this organism

has history
type: ObjectProperty
domain: material entity
range: history
definition: b has history c =Def c history of b
example: This organism has history this life

specifically depended on by
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
range: specifically dependent continuant
inverse of: specifically depends on
alternative label: s-depended on by
definition: b specifically depended on by c =Def c specifically depends on b
example: Coloured object specifically depended on by colour

specifically depends on
type: ObjectProperty
domain: specifically dependent continuant
range: Class
  union of: specifically dependent continuant
  union of: Class
    intersection of: independent continuant
    intersection of: Class
      complement of: spatial region
alternative label: s-depends on
definition: (Elucidation) specifically depends on is a relation between a specifically dependent continuant b and specifically dependent continuant or independent continuant that is not a spatial region c such that b and c share no parts in common & b is of a nature such that at all times t it cannot exist unless c exists & b is not a boundary of c
example: A shape specifically depends on the shaped object; hue, saturation and brightness of a colour sample specifically depends on each other
scope note: The analogue of specifically depends on for occurrents is has participant.

bearer of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: specifically dependent continuant
sub property of: specifically depended on by
inverse of: inheres in
definition: b bearer of c =Def c inheres in b
example: A patch of ink is the bearer of a colour quality; an organism is the bearer of a temperature quality

inheres in
type: ObjectProperty
domain: specifically dependent continuant
range: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
sub property of: specifically depends on
definition: b inheres in c =Def b is a specifically dependent continuant & c is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & b specifically depends on c
example: A shape inheres in a shaped object; a mass inheres in a material entity

occupies temporal region
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: temporal region
definition: p occupies temporal region t =Def p is a process or process boundary & the spatiotemporal region occupied by p temporally projects onto t
example: The Second World War occupies the temporal region September 1, 1939 - September 2, 1945

occupies spatiotemporal region
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: Class
  union of: process
  union of: process boundary
range: spatiotemporal region
definition: (Elucidation) occupies spatiotemporal region is a relation between a process or process boundary p and the spatiotemporal region s which is its spatiotemporal extent
example: A particle emitted by a nuclear reactor occupies the spatiotemporal region which is its trajectory

temporal interval
type: Class
subclass of: one-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal interval is a one-dimensional temporal region that is continuous, thus without gaps or breaks
example: The year 2018.
scope note: A one-dimensional temporal region can include as parts not only temporal intervals but also temporal instants separated from other parts by gaps.

temporal instant
type: Class
subclass of: zero-dimensional temporal region
definition: (Elucidation) A temporal instant is a zero-dimensional temporal region that has no proper temporal part
example: The millennium

occupies spatial region
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Class
    complement of: spatial region
range: spatial region
definition: b occupies spatial region r =Def b is an independent continuant that is not a spatial region & r is a spatial region & there is some time t such that every continuant part of b occupies some continuant part of r at t and no continuant part of b occupies any spatial region that is not a continuant part of r at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

spatially projects onto
type: ObjectProperty
domain: spatiotemporal region
range: spatial region
definition: (Elucidation) spatially projects onto is a relation between some spatiotemporal region b and spatial region c such that at some time t, c is the spatial extent of b at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

has material basis
type: ObjectProperty
domain: disposition
range: material entity
definition: b has material basis c =Def b is a disposition & c is a material entity & there is some d bearer of b & there is some time t such that c is a continuant part of d at t & d has disposition b because c is a continuant part of d at t
scope note: Users that require more sophisticated representations of time are encouraged to import a temporal extension of BFO-Core provided by the BFO development team. See documentation for guidance: <Link>

first instant of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: temporal instant
range: temporal region
inverse of: has first instant
definition: t first instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region t' & t precedes all temporal parts of t' other than t
example: An hour starting at midnight yesterday has first instant midnight yesterday

has first instant
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: temporal region
range: temporal instant
definition: t has first instant t' =Def t' first instant of t
example: The first hour of a year has first instant midnight on December 31

last instant of
type: ObjectProperty
domain: temporal instant
range: temporal region
inverse of: has last instant
definition: t last instant of t' =Def t is a temporal instant & t' is a temporal region & all temporal parts of t' other than t precede t
example: Last midnight is the last instant of yesterday

has last instant
type: ObjectProperty
type: FunctionalProperty
domain: temporal region
range: temporal instant
definition: t has last instant t' =Def t' last instant of t
example: The last hour of a year has last instant midnight December 31

example to be eventually removed
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: example to be eventually removed

objective specification
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: objective specification
example of usage: In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction.
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity that describes an intended process endpoint. When part of a plan specification the concretization is realized in a planned process in which the bearer tries to effect the world so that the process endpoint is achieved.
editor note: 2009-03-16: original definition when imported from OBI read: "objective is an non realizable information entity which can serve as that proper part of a plan towards which the realization of the plan is directed."
editor note: 2014-03-31: In the example of usage ("In the protocol of a ChIP assay the objective specification says to identify protein and DNA interaction") there is a protocol which is the ChIP assay protocol. In addition to being concretized on paper, the protocol can be concretized as a realizable entity, such as a plan that inheres in a person. The objective specification is the part that says that some protein and DNA interactions are identified. This is a specification of a process endpoint: the boundary in the process before which they are not identified and after which they are. During the realization of the plan, the goal is to get to the point of having the interactions, and participants in the realization of the plan try to do that.
editor note: Answers the question, why did you do this experiment?
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Barry Smith
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Jennifer Fostel
alternative label: goal specification
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process/Roles Branch
definition source: OBI_0000217
subclass of: directive information entity

action specification
type: Class
example of usage: Pour the contents of flask 1 into flask 2
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity that describes an action the bearer will take.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
subclass of: directive information entity

programming language
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: programming language
example of usage: R, Perl, Java
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: A language in which source code is written that is intended to be executed/run by a software interpreter. Programming languages are ways to write instructions that specify what to do, and sometimes, how to do it.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: person:Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000058
definition source: group:OBI
subclass of: plan specification
equivalent class: programming language

data item
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data item
example of usage: Data items include counts of things, analyte concentrations, and statistical summaries.
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An information content entity that is intended to be a truthful statement about something (modulo, e.g., measurement precision or other systematic errors) and is constructed/acquired by a method which reliably tends to produce (approximately) truthful statements.
editor note: 2/2/2009 Alan and Bjoern discussing FACS run output data. This is a data item because it is about the cell population. Each element records an event and is typically further composed a set of measurment data items that record the fluorescent intensity stimulated by one of the lasers.
editor note: 2009-03-16: data item deliberatly ambiguous: we merged data set and datum to be one entity, not knowing how to define singular versus plural. So data item is more general than datum.
editor note: 2009-03-16: removed datum as alternative term as datum specifically refers to singular form, and is thus not an exact synonym.
editor note: JAR: datum -- well, this will be very tricky to define, but maybe some information-like stuff that might be put into a computer and that is meant, by someone, to denote and/or to be interpreted by some process... I would include lists, tables, sentences... I think I might defer to Barry, or to Brian Cantwell Smith JAR: A data item is an approximately justified approximately true approximate belief
editor note: 2014-03-31: See discussion at http://odontomachus.wordpress.com/2014/03/30/aboutness-objects-propositions/
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
alternative label: data
subclass of: information content entity

symbol
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: symbol
example of usage: a serial number such as "12324X"
example of usage: a stop sign
example of usage: a written proper name such as "OBI"
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An information content entity that is a mark(s) or character(s) used as a conventional representation of another entity.
editor note: 20091104, MC: this needs work and will most probably change
editor note: 2014-03-31: We would like to have a deeper analysis of 'mark' and 'sign' in the future (see https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/154).
term editor: PERSON: James A. Overton
term editor: PERSON: Jonathan Rees
definition source: based on Oxford English Dictionary
subclass of: information content entity

information content entity
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: information content entity
example of usage: Examples of information content entites include journal articles, data, graphical layouts, and graphs.
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A generically dependent continuant that is about some thing.
textual definition: An information content entity is an entity that is generically dependent on some artifact and stands in relation of aboutness to some entity.
editor note: 2014-03-10: The use of "thing" is intended to be general enough to include universals and configurations (see https://groups.google.com/d/msg/information-ontology/GBxvYZCk1oc/-L6B5fSBBTQJ).
editor note: information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some digital_entity in obi before split (040907). information_content_entity 'is_encoded_in' some physical_document in obi before split (040907). Previous. An information content entity is a non-realizable information entity that 'is encoded in' some digital or physical entity.
term editor: PERSON: Chris Stoeckert
definition source: OBI_0000142
definition source: IAO
subclass of: generically dependent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: entity

directive information entity
type: Class
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: An information content entity whose concretizations indicate to their bearer how to realize them in a process.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term realizable information entity was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000337) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was "is the specification of a process that can be concretized and realized by an actor" with alternative term "instruction".It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2013-05-30 Alan Ruttenberg: What differentiates a directive information entity from an information concretization is that it can have concretizations that are either qualities or realizable entities. The concretizations that are realizable entities are created when an individual chooses to take up the direction, i.e. has the intention to (try to) realize it.
editor note: 8/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg: Changed label from "information entity about a realizable" after discussions at ICBO
editor note: Werner pushed back on calling it realizable information entity as it isn't realizable. However this name isn't right either. An example would be a recipe. The realizable entity would be a plan, but the information entity isn't about the plan, it, once concretized, *is* the plan. -Alan
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: realizable entity

curation status specification
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: curation status specification
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: The curation status of the term. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: Better to represent curation as a process with parts and then relate labels to that process (in IAO meeting)
term editor: PERSON:Bill Bug
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: OBI_0000266
subclass of: data about an ontology part
equivalent class: Class
  one of: example to be eventually removed
  one of: metadata complete
  one of: organizational term
  one of: ready for release
  one of: metadata incomplete
  one of: uncurated
  one of: pending final vetting
  one of: to be replaced with external ontology term
  one of: requires discussion

data format specification
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data format specification
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A data format specification is the information content borne by the document published defining the specification. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: term imported from OBI_0000187, which had original definition "A data format specification is a plan which organizes information. Example: The ISO document specifying what encompasses an XML document; The instructions in a XSD file"
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PlanAndPlannedProcess Branch
definition source: OBI branch derived
definition source: OBI_0000187
subclass of: directive information entity

data about an ontology part
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: data about an ontology part
textual definition: Data about an ontology part is a data item about a part of an ontology, for example a term
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
subclass of: data item

failed exploratory term
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: failed exploratory term
textual definition: The term was used in an attempt to structure part of the ontology but in retrospect failed to do a good job
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg

plan specification
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: plan specification
example of usage: PMID: 18323827.Nat Med. 2008 Mar;14(3):226.New plan proposed to help resolve conflicting medical advice.
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A directive information entity with action specifications and objective specifications as parts, and that may be concretized as a realizable entity that, if realized, is realized in a process in which the bearer tries to achieve the objectives by taking the actions specified.
editor note: 2009-03-16: provenance: a term a plan was proposed for OBI (OBI_0000344) , edited by the PlanAndPlannedProcess branch. Original definition was " a plan is a specification of a process that is realized by an actor to achieve the objective specified as part of the plan". It has been subsequently moved to IAO where the objective for which the original term was defined was satisfied with the definitionof this, different, term.
editor note: 2014-03-31: A plan specification can have other parts, such as conditional specifications.
editor note: 2022-01-16 Updated definition to that proposed by Clint Dowloand, IAO Issue 231.
editor note: Alternative previous definition: a plan is a set of instructions that specify how an objective should be achieved
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Clint Dowland
definition source: OBI Plan and Planned Process branch
definition source: OBI_0000344
comment: 2/3/2009 Comment from OBI review. Action specification not well enough specified. Conditional specification not well enough specified. Question whether all plan specifications have objective specifications. Request that IAO either clarify these or change definitions not to use them
subclass of: directive information entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: objective specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: action specification

editor preferred term~editor preferred label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred label
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred term
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor preferred term~editor preferred label
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: The concise, meaningful, and human-friendly name for a class or property preferred by the ontology developers. (US-English)
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
label: editor preferred label
label: editor preferred term

example of usage
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: example of usage
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: A phrase describing how a term should be used and/or a citation to a work which uses it. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding, such as widely know prototypes or instances of a class, or cases where a relation is said to hold.
textual definition: A phrase describing how a class name should be used. May also include other kinds of examples that facilitate immediate understanding of a class semantics, such as widely known prototypical subclasses or instances of the class. Although essential for high level terms, examples for low level terms (e.g., Affymetrix HU133 array) are not.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
definition source: IAO

has curation status
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has curation status
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Bill Bug
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot

textual definition
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: definition
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: textual definition
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
textual definition: The official definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property. Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions.
editor note: 2012-04-05: Barry Smith The official OBI definition, explaining the meaning of a class or property: 'Shall be Aristotelian, formalized and normalized. Can be augmented with colloquial definitions' is terrible. Can you fix to something like: A statement of necessary and sufficient conditions explaining the meaning of an expression referring to a class or property. Alan Ruttenberg Your proposed definition is a reasonable candidate, except that it is very common that necessary and sufficient conditions are not given. Mostly they are necessary, occasionally they are necessary and sufficient or just sufficient. Often they use terms that are not themselves defined and so they effectively can't be evaluated by those criteria. On the specifics of the proposed definition: We don't have definitions of 'meaning' or 'expression' or 'property'. For 'reference' in the intended sense I think we use the term 'denotation'. For 'expression', I think we you mean symbol, or identifier. For 'meaning' it differs for class and property. For class we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine whether an entity is instance of the class, or not. For property we want documentation that let's the intended reader determine, given a pair of potential relata, whether the assertion that the relation holds is true. The 'intended reader' part suggests that we also specify who, we expect, would be able to understand the definition, and also generalizes over human and computer reader to include textual and logical definition. Personally, I am more comfortable weakening definition to documentation, with instructions as to what is desirable. We also have the outstanding issue of how to aim different definitions to different audiences. A clinical audience reading chebi wants a different sort of definition documentation/definition from a chemistry trained audience, and similarly there is a need for a definition that is adequate for an ontologist to work with.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
label: definition

editor note
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editor note
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: An administrative note intended for its editor. It may not be included in the publication version of the ontology, so it should contain nothing necessary for end users to understand the ontology.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obofoundry.org/obo/obi>

term editor
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term editor
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: Name of editor entering the term in the file. The term editor is a point of contact for information regarding the term. The term editor may be, but is not always, the author of the definition, which may have been worked upon by several people
editor note: 20110707, MC: label update to term editor and definition modified accordingly. See https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/115.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

alternative label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: alternative label
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A label for a class or property that can be used to refer to the class or property instead of the preferred rdfs:label. Alternative labels should be used to indicate community- or context-specific labels, abbreviations, shorthand forms and the like.
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
term editor: OBO Operations committee
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>
comment: Consider re-defing to: An alternative name for a class or property which can mean the same thing as the preferred name (semantically equivalent, narrow, broad or related).

definition source
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: definition source
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: Formal citation, e.g. identifier in external database to indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. Free text indicate / attribute source(s) for the definition. EXAMPLE: Author Name, URI, MeSH Term C04, PUBMED ID, Wiki uri on 31.01.2007
term editor: PERSON:Daniel Schober
definition source: Discussion on obo-discuss mailing-list, see http://bit.ly/hgm99w
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

metadata complete
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: metadata complete
textual definition: Class has all its metadata, but is either not guaranteed to be in its final location in the asserted IS_A hierarchy or refers to another class that is not complete.

organizational term
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: organizational term
textual definition: Term created to ease viewing/sort terms for development purpose, and will not be included in a release

ready for release
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: ready for release
textual definition: Class has undergone final review, is ready for use, and will be included in the next release. Any class lacking "ready_for_release" should be considered likely to change place in hierarchy, have its definition refined, or be obsoleted in the next release. Those classes deemed "ready_for_release" will also derived from a chain of ancestor classes that are also "ready_for_release."

metadata incomplete
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: metadata incomplete
textual definition: Class is being worked on; however, the metadata (including definition) are not complete or sufficiently clear to the branch editors.

uncurated
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: uncurated
textual definition: Nothing done yet beyond assigning a unique class ID and proposing a preferred term.

pending final vetting
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: pending final vetting
textual definition: All definitions, placement in the asserted IS_A hierarchy and required minimal metadata are complete. The class is awaiting a final review by someone other than the term editor.

version number
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: version number
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A version number is an information content entity which is a sequence of characters borne by part of each of a class of manufactured products or its packaging and indicates its order within a set of other products having the same name.
editor note: Note: we feel that at the moment we are happy with a general version number, and that we will subclass as needed in the future. For example, see 7. genome sequence version
term editor: GROUP: IAO
subclass of: symbol

is about
type: ObjectProperty
example of usage: This document is about information artifacts and their representations
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A (currently) primitive relation that relates an information artifact to an entity.
editor note: 7/6/2009 Alan Ruttenberg. Following discussion with Jonathan Rees, and introduction of "mentions" relation. Weaken the is_about relationship to be primitive. We will try to build it back up by elaborating the various subproperties that are more precisely defined. Some currently missing phenomena that should be considered "about" are predications - "The only person who knows the answer is sitting beside me" , Allegory, Satire, and other literary forms that can be topical without explicitly mentioning the topic.
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Smith, Ceusters, Ruttenberg, 2000 years of philosophy
domain: information content entity
inverse of: is subject of

denotes
type: ObjectProperty
example of usage: A person's name denotes the person. A variable name in a computer program denotes some piece of memory. Lexically equivalent strings can denote different things, for instance "Alan" can denote different people. In each case of use, there is a case of the denotation relation obtaining, between "Alan" and the person that is being named.
textual definition: A primitive, instance-level, relation obtaining between an information content entity and some portion of reality. Denotation is what happens when someone creates an information content entity E in order to specifically refer to something. The only relation between E and the thing is that E can be used to 'pick out' the thing. This relation connects those two together. Freedictionary.com sense 3: To signify directly; refer to specifically
editor note: 2009-11-10 Alan Ruttenberg. Old definition said the following to emphasize the generic nature of this relation. We no longer have 'specifically denotes', which would have been primitive, so make this relation primitive. g denotes r =def r is a portion of reality there is some c that is a concretization of g every c that is a concretization of g specifically denotes r
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Conversations with Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters, Bjoern Peters, Michel Dumontier, Melanie Courtot, James Malone, Bill Hogan
domain: information content entity
range: entity
sub property of: is about
inverse of: denoted by

obsolescence reason specification
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: obsolescence reason specification
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: The reason for which a term has been deprecated. The allowed values come from an enumerated list of predefined terms. See the specification of these instances for more detailed definitions of each enumerated value.
editor note: The creation of this class has been inspired in part by Werner Ceusters' paper, Applying evolutionary terminology auditing to the Gene Ontology.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
subclass of: data about an ontology part
equivalent class: Class
  one of: failed exploratory term
  one of: placeholder removed
  one of: terms merged
  one of: term imported
  one of: term split
  one of: out of scope

placeholder removed
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: placeholder removed

terms merged
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: terms merged
editor note: An editor note should explain what were the merged terms and the reason for the merge.

term imported
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term imported
editor note: This is to be used when the original term has been replaced by a term imported from an other ontology. An editor note should indicate what is the URI of the new term to use.

term split
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term split
editor note: This is to be used when a term has been split in two or more new terms. An editor note should indicate the reason for the split and indicate the URIs of the new terms created.

curator note
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: curator note
has curation status: ready for release
textual definition: An administrative note of use for a curator but of no use for a user
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg

term tracker item
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: term tracker item
example of usage: the URI for an OBI Terms ticket at sourceforge, such as https://sourceforge.net/p/obi/obi-terms/772/
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An IRI or similar locator for a request or discussion of an ontology term.
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
comment: The 'tracker item' can associate a tracker with a specific ontology term.

ontology term requester
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: ontology term requester
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: The name of the person, project, or organization that motivated inclusion of an ontology term by requesting its addition.
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Alan Ruttenberg
comment: The 'term requester' can credit the person, organization or project who request the ontology term.

denoted by
type: ObjectProperty
textual definition: inverse of the relation 'denotes'
term editor: Person: Jie Zheng, Chris Stoeckert, Mike Conlon
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/206
domain: entity
range: information content entity
sub property of: is subject of

textual entity
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: textual entity
example of usage: Words, sentences, paragraphs, and the written (non-figure) parts of publications are all textual entities
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A textual entity is a part of a manifestation (FRBR sense), a generically dependent continuant whose concretizations are patterns of glyphs intended to be interpreted as words, formulas, etc.
editor note: AR, (IAO call 2009-09-01): a document as a whole is not typically a textual entity, because it has pictures in it - rather there are parts of it that are textual entities. Examples: The title, paragraph 2 sentence 7, etc.
editor note: MC, 2009-09-14 (following IAO call 2009-09-01): textual entities live at the FRBR (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records) manifestation level. Everything is significant: line break, pdf and html versions of same document are different textual entities.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
alternative label: text
subclass of: information content entity

institutional identification
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: institutional identification
example of usage: University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity intended to identify a particular institution
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
subclass of: textual entity

caption
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: caption
example of usage: Figure 1: A system diagram describing the modules of the Hanalyzer. Reading methods (green) take external sources of knowledge (blue) and extract information from them, either by parsing structured data or biomedical language processing to extract information from unstructured data. Reading modules are responsible for tracking the provenance of all knowledge. Reasoning methods (yellow) enrich the knowledge that results from reading by, for example, noting two genes that are annotated to the same ontology term or database entry. All knowledge sources, read or reasoned, are assigned a reliability score, and all are combined using that score into a knowledge network (orange) that represents the integration of all sorts of relationship between a pair of genes and a combined reliability score. A data network (also orange) is created from experimental results to be analyzed. The reporting modules (pink) integrate the data and knowledge networks, producing visualizations that can be queried with the associated drill-down tool.
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity that describes a figure
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
subclass of: textual entity
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: is about
  some values from: figure

document title
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: document title
example of usage: Textual characteristics of traditional and Open Access scientific journals are similar
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity that names a document
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
subclass of: textual entity

figure
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: figure
example of usage: Any picture, diagram or table
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: An information content entity consisting of a two dimensional arrangement of information content entities such that the arrangement itself is about something.
term editor: PERSON: Lawrence Hunter
subclass of: information content entity

denotator type
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: denotator type
example of usage: The Basic Formal Ontology ontology makes a distinction between Universals and defined classes, where the formal are "natural kinds" and the latter arbitrary collections of entities.
textual definition: A denotator type indicates how a term should be interpreted from an ontological perspective.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Barry Smith, Werner Ceusters
subclass of: data about an ontology part
equivalent class: Class
  one of: universal
  one of: defined class
  one of: named class expression

universal
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: universal
editor note: Hard to give a definition for. Intuitively a "natural kind" rather than a collection of any old things, which a class is able to be, formally. At the meta level, universals are defined as positives, are disjoint with their siblings, have single asserted parents.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: A Formal Theory of Substances, Qualities, and Universals, http://ontology.buffalo.edu/bfo/SQU.pdf

imported from
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: imported from
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: For external terms/classes, the ontology from which the term was imported
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: GROUP:OBI:<http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/obi>

defined class
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: defined class
textual definition: A defined class is a class that is defined by a set of logically necessary and sufficient conditions but is not a universal
editor note: "definitions", in some readings, always are given by necessary and sufficient conditions. So one must be careful (and this is difficult sometimes) to distinguish between defined classes and universal.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

named class expression
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: named class expression
textual definition: A named class expression is a logical expression that is given a name. The name can be used in place of the expression.
editor note: named class expressions are used in order to have more concise logical definition but their extensions may not be interesting classes on their own. In languages such as OWL, with no provisions for macros, these show up as actuall classes. Tools may with to not show them as such, and to replace uses of the macros with their expansions
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg

postal address
type: Class
has curation status: metadata incomplete
textual definition: A textual entity that is used as directive to deliver something to a person, or organization
editor note: 2010-05-24 Alan Ruttenberg. Use label for the string representation. See issue https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/59
subclass of: textual entity

to be replaced with external ontology term
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: to be replaced with external ontology term
textual definition: Terms with this status should eventually replaced with a term from another ontology.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: group:OBI

requires discussion
type: NamedIndividual
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: requires discussion
textual definition: A term that is metadata complete, has been reviewed, and problems have been identified that require discussion before release. Such a term requires editor note(s) to identify the outstanding issues.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: group:OBI

email address
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: email address
has curation status: metadata incomplete
editor note: Alan Ruttenberg 1/3/2012 - Provisional id, see issue at https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/130&thanks=130&ts=1325636583
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Person:Chris Stoeckart
subclass of: information content entity

centrally registered identifier symbol
type: Class
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: A symbol that is part of a CRID and that is sufficient to look up a record from the CRID's registry.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative label: CRID symbol
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
subclass of: symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: part of
  some values from: centrally registered identifier

centrally registered identifier
type: Class
example of usage: The sentence "The article has Pubmed ID 12345." contains a CRID that has two parts: one part is the CRID symbol, which is '12345'; the other part denotes the CRID registry, which is Pubmed.
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: An information content entity that consists of a CRID symbol and additional information about the CRID registry to which it belongs.
editor note: 2014-05-05: In defining this term we take no position on what the CRID denotes. In particular do not assume it denotes a *record* in the CRID registry (since the registry might not have 'records').
editor note: Alan, IAO call 20101124: potentially the CRID denotes the instance it was associated with during creation.
editor note: Note, IAO call 20101124: URIs are not always CRID, as not centrally registered. We acknowledge that CRID is a subset of a larger identifier class, but this subset fulfills our current needs. OBI PURLs are CRID as they are registered with OCLC. UPCs (Universal Product Codes from AC Nielsen)are not CRID as they are not centrally registered.
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative label: CRID
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
subclass of: identifier
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: centrally registered identifier symbol
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has part
  some values from: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: centrally registered identifier registry

centrally registered identifier registry
type: Class
example of usage: PubMed is a CRID registry. It has a code set of PubMed identifiers associated with journal articles.
has curation status: metadata complete
textual definition: A code set of CRID records, each consisting of a CRID symbol and additional information which was recorded in the code set through an assigning a centrally registered identifier process.
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: PERSON: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
term editor: PERSON: Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON: Melanie Courtot
alternative label: CRID registry
definition source: Original proposal from Bjoern, discussions at IAO calls
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237
subclass of: code set

OBO foundry unique label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: OBO foundry unique label
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: An alternative name for a class or property which is unique across the OBO Foundry.
editor note: The intended usage of that property is as follow: OBO foundry unique labels are automatically generated based on regular expressions provided by each ontology, so that SO could specify unique label = 'sequence ' + [label], etc. , MA could specify 'mouse + [label]' etc. Upon importing terms, ontology developers can choose to use the 'OBO foundry unique label' for an imported term or not. The same applies to tools .
term editor: PERSON:Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: PERSON:Bjoern Peters
term editor: PERSON:Chris Mungall
term editor: PERSON:Melanie Courtot
definition source: GROUP:OBO Foundry <http://obofoundry.org/>

written name
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: written name
example of usage: "Bill Clinton"
example of usage: "The Eiffel Tower"
example of usage: "United States of America"
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A textual entity that denotes a particular in reality.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Hogan
definition source: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/114
curator note: The qualifier "written" is to set it apart from spoken names. Also, note the restrictions to particulars. We are not naming universals. We could however, be naming, attributive collections which are particulars, so "All people located in the boundaries of the city of Little Rock, AR on June 18, 2011 at 9:50a CDT" would be a name.
subclass of: textual entity

elucidation
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: elucidation
term editor: person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Barry Smith
elucidation: Primitive terms in a highest-level ontology such as BFO are terms which are so basic to our understanding of reality that there is no way of defining them in a non-circular fashion. For these, therefore, we can provide only elucidations, supplemented by examples and by axioms

has associated axiom(nl)
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has associated axiom(nl)
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
elucidation: An axiom associated with a term expressed using natural language

has associated axiom(fol)
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has associated axiom(fol)
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
elucidation: An axiom expressed in first order logic using CLIF syntax

abbreviation textual entity
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: abbreviation textual entity
example of usage: From Shiba et al. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2013; 1: 45. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3893467/): BAC: Bacterial artificial chromosome; CR: Calretinin; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MAP: Microtubule-associated protein; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; NSC: Neural stem cell; PDA: Patent ductus arteriosus; PMG: Polymicrogyria; PNH: Periventricular nodular heterotopia; VSD: Ventricular septal defect.
textual definition: A textual entity listing abbreviations and their expansions that are used in a document.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183
subclass of: textual entity

author information textual entity
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: author information textual entity
example of usage: From Takon. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2011; 10: 25. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204268/): IT [the author] is the lead paediatrician for ADHD services in East Hertfordshire, UK, where she runs a weekly joint ADHD clinic with the Child and Adolescent psychiatrist and works within an ADHD specialist team. IT also sees children with other neurodisability issues who may have comorbid ADHD, where the presentation may be more complex and challenging to manage. IT has vast experience in managing children with complex ADHD. She has 18 years of experience in paediatrics and also has extensive experience in the use of psychopharmacologic agents in managing children with ADHD.
textual definition: A textual entity expression information about an author of a document. This information may include biographical information and may discuss how the authors' professional experiences are relevant to the work described in the document.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183
subclass of: textual entity

related work textual entity
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: related work textual entity
example of usage: Excerpt from Žitnik and Zupan. Bioinformatics. 2015 Jun 15; 31(12): i230–i239. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542780/): Our work presented here is similar in spirit to our recently developed methodology for data fusion via collective matrix factorization (Žitnik and Zupan, 2015).
textual definition: A textual entity that discusses work from other publications and expresses their relevancy to the content of a document.
term editor: PERSON: Bill Baumgartner
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/183
subclass of: textual entity

ORCID identifier
type: Class
has curation status: pending final vetting
textual definition: A centrally registered identifier that is issued by ORCID (https://orcid.org/) and used to persistantly identify oneself as a human researcher or contributor.
editor note: "You can connect your iD with your professional information — affiliations, grants, publications, peer review, and more. You can use your iD to share your information with other systems, ensuring you get recognition for all your contributions, saving you time and hassle, and reducing the risk of errors." [https://orcid.org/]
editor note: This class was originally defined in Apollo_SV (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000496) but due to it being more in scope of IAO, it was decided to add it to IAO and deprecate its Apollo_SV equivalent. (2022-10-25)
term editor: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1595-3213
alternative label: ORCID ID
alternative label: ORCiD
alternative label: Open Researcher and Contributor ID
alternative label: Open Researcher and Contributor Identifier
definition source: https://orcid.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/259
subclass of: centrally registered identifier

has axiom label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: has axiom id
term editor: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
definition source: Person:Alan Ruttenberg
elucidation: A URI that is intended to be unique label for an axiom used for tracking change to the ontology. For an axiom expressed in different languages, each expression is given the same URI

given name
type: Class
textual definition: A personal name that specifies and differentiates between members of a group of individuals, especially in a family, all of whose members usually share the same family name (surname). A given name is purposefully given, usually by a child's parents at or near birth, in contrast to an inherited one such as a family name
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: Mathias Brochhausen
alternative label: first name
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237
subclass of: identifier

family name
type: Class
textual definition: An identifier that is typically a part of a person's name which has been passed, according to law or custom, from one or both parents to their children.
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: Mathias Brochhausen
alternative label: last name
alternative label: surname
definition source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237
subclass of: identifier

code set
type: Class
textual definition: An information content entity that is a collection of other information content entities that has been created to identify or annotate things in a specified domain, and where the intention of its creators is that the collection has a one-to-one correspondence with those things.
term editor: Alan Ruttenberg
term editor: Justin Whorton
term editor: Mathias Brochhausen
alternative label: code map
alternative label: code system
alternative label: codeset
alternative label: coding system
alternative label: controlled vocabulary
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/IAO/issues/237
contributor: Alan Ruttenberg
contributor: Clint Dowland
contributor: Matt Diller
contributor: Sarah Bost
contributor: William R. Hogan
comment: Code sets might include non-entities/things (e.g. missing thumbs).
comment: Does not imply absence vs. presence of any taxonomy.
comment: Does not imply that aggregated entities denote particulars, universals, or defined classes (a.k.a. attributive collections) or even that they denote only one of these three types of entities.
comment: Each aggregated entity is often (but not necessarily) associated with a text string—variously called a “description,” “name,” “title,” or “label”—that helps humans reach the target of denotation. When there is no such string, it is almost always because the entities take the form of human language words. For example, a “sex” or “gender” code set could contain “MALE” and “FEMALE,” or even “M” and “F” (by convention, we understand what these mean).
comment: For National Drug Codes (NDCs) and similar code sets, there doesn’t even have to be a single, fully-concretized copy somewhere (for example, for NDCs there is no centralized database or repository where they all live as one instance of concretization of code set). The code set can be “distributively” concretized. This seems like an unusual exception, but it also likely applies to Universal Product Codes (UPCs) and their follow on Global Trade Item Numbers (GTINs).
comment: For each given domain, there can potentially exist multiple code sets. The multiplicity of code sets is partially due to the different specific purposes of those code sets.
comment: Many code sets are created for a specific purpose in addition to merely identifying or annotating core ideas of a specified domain.
comment: The information content entities do not denote each other.
subclass of: information content entity

ontology module
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: ontology module
editor note: I have placed this under 'data about an ontology part', but this can be discussed. I think this is OK if 'part' is interpreted reflexively, as an ontology module is the whole ontology rather than part of it.
alternative label: ontology file
curator note: This class and it's subclasses are applied to OWL ontologies. Using an rdf:type triple will result in problems with OWL-DL. I propose that dcterms:type is instead used to connect an ontology URI with a class from this hierarchy. The class hierarchy is not disjoint, so multiple assertions can be made about a single ontology.
subclass of: data about an ontology part

base ontology module
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: base ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that comprises only of asserted axioms local to the ontology, excludes import directives, and excludes axioms or declarations from external ontologies.
subclass of: ontology variant

editors ontology module
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: editors ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that is intended to be directly edited, typically managed in source control, and typically not intended for direct consumption by end-users.
alternative label: source ontology module
subclass of: ontology module

main release ontology module
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: main release ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that is intended to be the primary release product and the one consumed by the majority of tools.
editor note: TODO: Add logical axioms that state that a main release ontology module is derived from (directly or indirectly) an editors module
subclass of: ontology variant

reasoned ontology module
type: Class
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: reasoned ontology module
textual definition: An ontology module that contains axioms generated by a reasoner. The generated axioms are typically direct SubClassOf axioms, but other possibilities are available.
subclass of: ontology variant

out of scope
type: NamedIndividual
textual definition: The term was added to the ontology on the assumption it was in scope, but it turned out later that it was not.
editor note: This obsolesence reason should be used conservatively. Typical valid examples are: un-necessary grouping classes in disease ontologies, a phenotype term added on the assumption it was a disease.
term editor: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432
term tracker item: https://github.com/information-artifact-ontology/ontology-metadata/issues/77
ontology term requester: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5208-3432

description
type: AnnotationProperty

license
type: AnnotationProperty

title
type: AnnotationProperty

software license
type: Class
textual definition: A licence is a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
definition source: Modified from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_license
creator: James Malone
label: licence
subclass of: information content entity
equivalent class: license

label
type: AnnotationProperty
editor preferred term~editor preferred label: label

Concept
type: Class
definition: An idea or notion; a unit of thought.

definition
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A statement or formal explanation of the meaning of a concept.

editorial note
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: A note for an editor, translator or maintainer of the vocabulary.

example
type: AnnotationProperty
definition: An example of the use of a concept.

download URL
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Ceci est un lien direct à un fichier téléchargeable en un format donnée. Exple fichier CSV ou RDF. Le format est décrit par les propriétés de distribution dcterms:format et/ou dcat:mediaType. @fr
comment: La URL de un archivo descargable en el formato dato. Por ejemplo, archivo CSV o archivo RDF. El formato se describe con las propiedades de la distribución dcterms:format y/o dcat:mediaType. @es
comment: Questo è un link diretto al file scaricabile in un dato formato. E.g. un file CSV o un file RDF. Il formato è descritto dal dcterms:format e/o dal dcat:mediaType della distribuzione. @it
comment: The URL of the downloadable file in a given format. E.g. CSV file or RDF file. The format is indicated by the distribution's dcterms:format and/or dcat:mediaType.
comment: URL souboru ke stažení v daném formátu, například CSV nebo RDF soubor. Formát je popsán vlastností distribuce dcterms:format a/nebo dcat:mediaType. @cs
comment: URL til fil der kan downloades i et bestemt format. Fx en CSV-fil eller en RDF-fil. Formatet for distributionen angives ved hjælp af egenskaberne dcterms:format og/eller dcat:mediaType. @da
comment: dcat:downloadURLはdcat:accessURLの特定の形式です。しかし、DCATプロファイルが非ダウンロード・ロケーションに対してのみaccessURLを用いる場合には、より強い分離を課すことを望む可能性があるため、この含意を強化しないように、DCATは、dcat:downloadURLをdcat:accessURLのサブプロパティーであると定義しません。 @ja
comment: Είναι ένας σύνδεσμος άμεσης μεταφόρτωσης ενός αρχείου σε μια δεδομένη μορφή. Π.χ. ένα αρχείο CSV ή RDF. Η μορφη αρχείου περιγράφεται από τις ιδιότητες dcterms:format ή/και dcat:mediaType της διανομής. @el
comment: رابط مباشر لملف يمكن تحميله. نوع الملف يتم توصيفه باستخدام الخاصية dcterms:format dcat:mediaType @ar
label: URL de descarga @es
label: URL de téléchargement @fr
label: URL di scarico @it
label: URL souboru ke stažení @cs
label: URL μεταφόρτωσης @el
label: downloadURL @da
label: رابط تحميل @ar
label: ダウンロードURL @ja
editorial note: Status: English Definition text modified by DCAT revision team, Italian, Spanish and Czech translation updated, other translations pending.
editorial note: rdfs:label, rdfs:comment and/or skos:scopeNote have been modified. Non-english versions must be updated.
scope note: El valor es una URL. @es
scope note: La valeur est une URL. @fr
scope note: dcat:downloadURL BY MĚLA být použita pro adresu, ze které je distribuce přímo přístupná, typicky skrze požadavek HTTP Get. @cs
scope note: dcat:downloadURL BØR anvendes til angivelse af den adresse hvor distributionen er tilgængelig direkte, typisk gennem et HTTP Get request. @da
scope note: dcat:downloadURL DOVREBBE essere utilizzato per l'indirizzo a cui questa distribuzione è disponibile direttamente, in genere attraverso una richiesta Get HTTP. @it
scope note: dcat:downloadURL SHOULD be used for the address at which this distribution is available directly, typically through a HTTP Get request.
scope note: Η τιμή είναι ένα URL. @el

NFDI resource
type: Class
comment: An information content entity that refers to digital creative works and services, and is utilized to organize the resources of NFDI. The most generic kind of a resource and may be associated with any kind of digital creative work, e.g. datasets, collections, metadata; offered products and services, e.g. data portals, data curation, data digitization.
subclass of: continuant
equivalent class: Class
  union of: creative work
  union of: service product
editorial note: 2024-03-25 - Sasha Bruns: This class is useful in nfdicore to provide a unified and structured representation of the diverse range of resources that contribute to the NFDI infrastructure. IMO, it helps to emphasize the scope of resources that can be contributed to the NFDI compared to all information content entites in IAO.
readable IRI label: Resource

project
type: Class
comment: A process of a scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.
subclass of: process
editorial note: A scientific or business endeavor that aims to conclude an investigation or to answer a research question.

organization
type: Class
comment: An immaterial entity that refers to a group of individuals, which structures and coordinates the activities of individuals or groups toward achieving common goal within a defined framework.
subclass of: agent
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: immaterial entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: agent role
editorial note: An organization of some kind, e.g. research organization or business organization
example: University Library in Leipzig, Museums of City Cologne

person
type: Class
comment: An object that represents a single human individual.
subclass of: agent
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: object
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: agent role
editorial note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns - the class is not mapped to NCBITaxon_9606 (homo sapiens) due to different scope of the ontologies. "Person" in nfdicore represents entities with specific roles, responsibilities, and attributes within an organization, and is not limited to its biological characteristics.
example: Harald Sack, Tabea Tietz, Sasha Bruns, Etienne Posthumus

place
type: Class
comment: A site that refers to geographical locations, such as cities, countries, landmarks, and natural environments.
subclass of: site
editorial note: A spatial region, e.g. country, city or district.
example: Hessen, Berlin, Schweiz
term tracker annotation: Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75

consortium
type: Class
comment: An organisation that consists of multiple independent groups and individuals, who join together to collaborate on a specific goal.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has continuant part
    some values from: consortium member
editorial note: A consortium of autonomous organizations collaborating towards a shared goal, operating within the framework of an agreement.
example: NFDI4Culture, NFDI-MatWerk, DataPLANT.

consortium member
type: Class
comment: An organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
subclass of: organization
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    all values from: consortium member role
    on property: bearer of
editorial note: A consortium member refers to an individual organization that has a specific role, responsibilities or contributions within the consortium framework.
example: Museums of City Cologne is a member of NFDI4Culture consortium.

creative work
type: Class
comment: An independent continuant or information content entity that refers to a manifestation of someone's creative effort. A creative work refers to a digital intellectual or artistic resource, e.g. a dataset, metadata, a guideline, a software and other materials offering relevant information or instructions within their specific domains.
subclass of: NFDI resource
subclass of: Restriction
  on property:
    inverse of: has output
  some values from: creative process
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: Class
    union of: independent continuant
    union of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
editorial note: 2024-03-22. Sasha Bruns - Unlike schema:CreativeWork, nfdicore:CreativeWork is specialized to cover digital creative works only. Through the mapping to "schema:CreativeWork and 'information content entity'", we exclude material creative works such as real paintings, architectural objects, and other physical artifacts, which fall outside the scope of nfdicore:CreativeWork.
example: TRANSRAZ Data Model, NFDI4Culture Knowledge Graph, Guide for digital collection management at art museums, NFDI4Culture SPARQL Endpoint, Registry for Tools & Services, RADAR4Culture service, etc.

dataset
type: Class
comment: An information content entity that refers to a structured collection of data, organized typically for a specific goal such as analysis, research, or reference. Dataset is structured information about a resource provided by an organization or a person.
subclass of: information content entity
editorial note: 2024-04-10. Sasha Bruns: nfdicore:dataset and ioa:data set are not equivalent, due to their differing conceptualizations of what constitutes a iao:data item, which is a superclass of iao:data set. In the nfdicore ontology, a dataset may not necessarily align perfectly with the definition of a data item, since this definition implies a level of accuracy that may not always apply to datasets in their entirety. While a nfdicore:dataset may contain data items, it doesn't necessarily qualify as a data item itself under the strict definition provided by ioa:dataset. This differentiation helps us avoid ambiguity and ensures that our modeling aligns with the intended semantics.
example: Fotothek Bibliotheca Hertziana Max-Planck-Institut für Kunstgeschichte 320px static derivates research dataset (https://doi.org/10.17617/3.SVH2BT)

plan
type: Class
comment: A realizable entity that represents a structured set of intended actions or steps designed to achieve specific objectives or outcomes.
subclass of: realizable entity

readable IRI label
type: AnnotationProperty
sub property of: alternative label

publishing process
type: Class
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000444
comment: A process of making information, such as literature, music, and software etc., available to the public for sale or for free.
subclass of: process

identifier
type: Class
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0020000
comment: An information content entity that is the outcome of a dubbing process and is used to refer to one instance of entity shared by a group of people to refer to that individual entity.
subclass of: information content entity

software development
type: Class
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/APOLLO_SV_00000008
comment: A process that has specified output a software product and that involves the creation of source code.
subclass of: process

spokesperson role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when representing, advocating, or communicating on behalf of an organization or group to convey messages or information.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: person

academic event
type: Class
comment: An event that focuses on scholarly activities and the exchange of knowledge, typically involving presentations, discussions, or collaborations among researchers, academics, and students, often in the context of conferences, workshops, seminars, symposia, or colloquia, to advance a specific field of study or interdisciplinary research.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: event
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: agent
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: bearer of
        some values from: academic organization role

academic organization role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when coordinating, managing, or supporting academic activities, programs, or research to promote education and knowledge advancement.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: organization

industry organization role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when promoting, regulating, or supporting industry-specific standards, practices, and collaboration to advance sector development and innovation.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: organization

workflow
type: Class
comment: A plan that specifies a sequence of tasks, processes, or operations, often involving multiple agents, tools, or systems, to achieve a specific goal or produce a desired outcome.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: plan
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: workflow process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: concretizes
    some values from: workflow specification
editorial note: A workflow defines the logical order and dependencies of steps, the roles or entities responsible for each step, and the inputs and outputs required for and produced by each task. It is a realizable entity that can be enacted or executed within a defined context, such as a business process, computational framework, or organizational procedure.

document
type: Class
example of usage: A journal article, patent application, laboratory notebook, or a book
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000310
comment: A collection of information content entities intended to be understood together as a whole
subclass of: information content entity

ontology
type: Class
comment: An (nfdi) ontology is a data item that coherently represents all components of an ontology, including its versions, variants, modules and other associated artifacts. It is typically denoted by a name and/or an acronym, which is the term we use to communicate about it.
subclass of: data item

ontology variant
type: Class
comment: An ontology variant represents a self-contained, reusable subset of an ontology that provides a specific functionality while maintaining interoperability with the larger ontology. Typically, an ontology is released in different variants, which makes a variant a release artifact.
subclass of: ontology module

patent
type: Class
example of usage: US Patent 6,449,603
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000313
comment: A document that has been accepted by a patent authority
subclass of: document

ontology release version
type: Class
comment: An (nfdi) ontology release version represents a particular release of an ontology.
subclass of: data item

file data item
type: Class
comment: A file data item is a data item that represents a file stored on a hard drive. It might also include essential attributes like its name, location, download URL, size, type, and timestamps for creation, modification, and access. It might also capture permissions and ownership details to control how the file can be accessed or modified.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: data item
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is subject of
    some values from: data format specification

report
type: Class
comment: A document that conveys information, data, or findings, typically structured in a formal or semi-formal manner, to communicate the results of an analysis, investigation, observation, or activity.
subclass of: document
editorial note: A report is created with the intent of informing specific audiences and may include textual descriptions, visualizations, metrics, or conclusions. It is a realizable entity that is produced and maintained as part of a process or workflow.

source code repository
type: Class
comment: A document that organizes and stores source code files, associated metadata, and version history to facilitate the management, sharing, and collaborative development of software projects. It serves as a structured collection of information that tracks changes, maintains integrity, and supports workflows such as version control, branching, and merging.
subclass of: document

academic discipline
type: Class
comment: An information content entity that specifies the subject area, domain or academic discipline of an entity. An academic discipline, a research field or domain of an entity, e.g. a domain of a data portal or a field of study of a person.
subclass of: information content entity
editorial note: 2024-03-26: SB & JW: Following the OMIT Ontology, the academy discilpine is defined as a subclass of bfo:quality (see e.g. http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/OMIT_0001008)
editorial note: 2024-12-16: TT & JW: An academic discipline is not a quality, as assumed before, but an ICE. A discipline like philosophy or chemistry consists of structured knowledge, theories, and practices. These are abstract entities that represent and encode information.
example: Q12271
example: Architecture, Art History, Musicology, Media Studies, Performing Arts
term tracker annotation: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/80

service process
type: Class
comment: A process that organizes activities and resources to deliver a specific service, ensuring its efficiency, reliability, and alignment with intended goals.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has output
    some values from: service product
term tracker annotation: Issue: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/75

agent
type: Class
comment: An independent continuant that acts autonomously and is entrusted with the authority to represent, negotiate, or act on behalf of another agent.
subclass of: independent continuant
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: bearer of
  some values from: agent role
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: independent continuant
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: agent role
editorial note: A class that represents entities that are capable of autonomous actions, decision-making, or interaction within a given environment, e.g. persons or organizations.
example: Torsten Schrade, Linnaea Söhn, Academy of Sciences and Literature Mainz

has best practice
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the specified best practice.
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: best practice of

best practice of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "best practice"
sub property of: is about

birth date
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person was born.
domain: person
range: Literal
sub property of: topDataProperty
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

city
type: Class
comment: A place that refers to a densely populated urban area.
subclass of: place
editorial note: A city or a town where the thing is located.
example: Berlin, Hannover, Kyiv

collection
type: Class
comment: A material entity that represents a collection of material entities intended to be understood together as a whole.
subclass of: object aggregate
editorial note: A tangible collection of valuables published or curated by an organization or a person.
example: A collection of arts displayed at the museum

consortium member role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization is a member of a consortium.
subclass of: agent role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: project
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: project

contacting process
type: Class
comment: A process in which the contact information of an entity is provided.
subclass of: process
readable IRI label: Contacting

has contact point
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between an NFDI resource and a person or organization (agent) as a contact point.
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contact point role
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: contact point of

contact point of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has contact point"
sub property of: is agent of

contact point role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the agent is a contact point of a resource or a project.
subclass of: agent role

contributing process
type: Class
comment: A process of contibuting or providing information to an endeavor.
subclass of: process
readable IRI label: Contributing

has contributor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property related something to a person or an organization responsible for making contributions to that.
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contributor role
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: contributor of

contributor of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has contributor"
sub property of: is agent of

contributor role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that provides input, resources, or effort to support or enhance a project, work, or process.
subclass of: agent role
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: has realization
  some values from: contributing process
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: inheres in
  some values from: Class
    intersection of: agent
    intersection of: Restriction
      on property: participates in
      some values from: contributing process
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: contributing process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: Class
      intersection of: agent
      intersection of: Restriction
        on property: participates in
        some values from: contributing process

country
type: Class
comment: A place that refers to a defined geographical area distinguished by its territorial boundaries, governance structure, and sovereignty.
subclass of: place
editorial note: A country where the thing is located.

database software
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that provides large amounts of structured data from repositories and archives to the user. Usually the data can be uploaded, accessed, searched and/or downloaded via a web browser.
subclass of: software

data curation service
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: The activity of managing and promoting the use of data from their point of creation to ensure that they are fit for contemporary purpose and available for discovery and reuse. For dynamic datasets this may mean continuous enrichment or updating to keep them fit for purpose. Higher levels of curation will also involve links with annotation and with other published materials
subclass of: service process

data portal
type: Class
comment: A website that serves as a centralized platform for accessing, managing, and sharing datasets, information, or resources related to a specific topic, theme, or domain.
subclass of: website
editorial note: An online platform that provides access to datasets.
example: Bach digital, KultSam, MusiXplora

has data set
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relation between a resource and a data set.
range: dataset
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: data set of

data set of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has data set"
sub property of: is about

death date
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The property refers to the date on which a person passed away.
domain: person
range: Literal
sub property of: topDataProperty
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

dissolution date
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The property refers to the date on which the organization ceased to exist or was formally dissolved.
domain: organization
range: Literal
sub property of: topDataProperty
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

event
type: Class
comment: An process that represents an organized happening that unfolds in time.
subclass of: process
editorial note: A class that represents entities that occur or unfold in time, typically characterized by a specific organized happening or occurrence with temporal properties.
example: conferences, celebrations, workshops, meetings, or any other specific incident or happening that has been planned somehow.

has file format
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property relates a resource to the format available for the export of a resource.
range: data format specification
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: file format of
readable IRI label: exportFormat

file format of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has file format"
sub property of: is about
readable IRI label: exportFormatOf

federal state
type: Class
comment: A place that refers to a geographical territory forming part of a country.
subclass of: place
editorial note: A federal state where the thing is located.
example: Sachsen, Berlin @de

file extension
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: An identifier for a file format (e.g. txt for a text file) used as a suffix to the file name, don't use dot at start.
domain: NFDI resource
example: mp4
example: ttl
example: txt
example: xml

foundation date
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The property refers to the specific date on which the organization was officially established or founded.
domain: organization
range: Literal
editorial note: The range has been set to "Literal" because we expect "untidy" data, i.e. for most datums a structured value cannot be obtained through parsing.

has funding organization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property relates a project to the organization that provided funding for it.
domain: project
range: Class
  intersection of: organization
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: funding organization role
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: funding organization of

funding organization of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has funding organization"
domain: organization
sub property of: participates in

funding organization role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an organization that is realized when the organization serves as a funder to endevaours, e.g. projects.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: organization

software library
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Collection of pre-implemented functions for a specific task that can be accessed via a well-defined interface.
subclass of: software

license
type: Class
comment: An information content entity that refers to a legal instrument (usually by way of contract law, with or without printed material) governing the use or redistribution of the resource containing the licence.
subclass of: information content entity
editorial note: A document that provides legal guidelines for the use of a resource, e.g. a software.
example: cc-by-3, Digital Peer Publishing Lizenz

has license
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a license file.
range: license
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: license of
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).
readable IRI label: license

license of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has license"
sub property of: is about

has location
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a thing and a place its located at.
range: place
sub property of: located in

media type
type: Class
comment: A directive information entity that describes a media type a bearer has.
subclass of: directive information entity
editorial note: A digital resource format or physical medium.
example: doc, avi, mpeg, epub, txt, MIME-type, record, cassette, VHS, LaserDiscs, CD, DVD, Blu-ray color lithograph, text book

has media type
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property relates a resource to its data format.
range: media type
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: media type of
readable IRI label: mediaType

media type of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has media type"
sub property of: is about
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

MIME-type
type: Class
comment: A media type that serves as a standardized identifier for specifying the nature and format of data.
subclass of: media type
editorial note: The MIME-type template of the resource
example: https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/dicom, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/video/mp4, https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/n3
readable IRI label: MIMEType

has input
type: ObjectProperty
comment: p has input x =Def x is used or consumed in the process of executing p.
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: is input of

has output
type: ObjectProperty
comment: p has output x =Def x is produced or generated as a result of executing p.
sub property of: has participant
inverse of: is output of

electrical engineering
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the study, design, and application of electrical systems and technologies. Electrical engineering involves the development of devices, circuits, and systems for power generation, communication, electronics, and automation.
subclass of: academic discipline

process engineering
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the design, optimization, and operation of industrial processes to transform raw materials into valuable products. Process engineering applies principles of chemistry, physics, and engineering to improve efficiency, sustainability, and safety in industries such as manufacturing, energy, and pharmaceuticals.
subclass of: academic discipline

has parent organization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a parental relationship between organizations.
domain: organization
range: organization
sub property of: continuant part of

programming language
type: Class
comment: A plan specification that is used for implementing software.
subclass of: plan specification
editorial note: A formal language used for implementing a software.
example: Java, Ruby, C++, Perl, PHP

has programming language
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property links software to a programming language its written in.
range: programming language
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: programming language of
readable IRI label: programmingLanguage

programming language of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has programming language"
sub property of: is about

publication
type: Class
comment: A publication that is the output of a publishing process and a creative process.
subclass of: document
editorial note: A published scholarly work that reports on ongoing activity about or within a resource, e.g. a dataset.
example: MusiXplora: Visual analysis of a musicological encyclopedia, Textkategorien in kompositorischen Werkstattdokumenten

published by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between an information content entity and an organization or a person responsible for publishing it.
domain: information content entity
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: publisher role
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: publisher of

publisher of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has publisher"
sub property of: is agent of

publisher role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when the bearer participates in the publishing of the document.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: publishing process

resource of project
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a project or a resource and related projects.
domain: NFDI resource
range: project
sub property of: participates in

represents collection
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a dataset and a collection it represents.
range: collection
sub property of: denotes
inverse of: represented collection of
example: a dataportal is about some collection of pieces of art

represented collection of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "represented collection"
sub property of: denoted by

software
type: Class
comment: A plan specification that comprises a set of instructions, programs, or algorithms designed to perform specific tasks or functions on a computer or other electronic devices.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: plan specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
editorial note: A computer software provided by an organization or a person.
example: Edirom, Muscat

has software
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a software it uses.
range: software
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: software of
readable IRI label: software

software of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has sofware"
sub property of: is about
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

has sparql endpoint
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property relates a data resource to its SPARQL Endpoint.
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: sparql endpoint of
readable IRI label: sparqlEndpoint

sparql endpoint of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has sparql endpoint"
sub property of: is about
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

specification
type: Class
comment: A directive information entity that defines the requirements, characteristics, or standards for the design, implementation, or operation of a system, product, or process.Specification is a set of requirements, guidelines, standards contributed by an organization or a person.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: directive information entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
editorial note: 2024-03-24. Sasha Bruns: specifications have dual nature - they are both directive information entities guiding actions (plan specification) and digital intellectual resources providing relevant information and guidelines (creative work).
example: Guidelines, technical specifications, design specifications

has specification
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and the international standard or norm.
range: directive information entity
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: specification of
readable IRI label: specification

specification of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has specification"
sub property of: is about
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

standard
type: Class
comment: A specification that establishes a set of guidelines, criteria, or norms recognized and adopted by internationational community.
subclass of: specification
editorial note: An international standard and norm that can be used to evaluate or create a resource.
example: ISO 15511, DINI-Zertifikat

has standard
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property relates a resource to the standard it relies on.
range: standard
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: standard of
readable IRI label: standard

standard of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has standard"
sub property of: is about
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

storage service
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Provision of storage space for research data as a service to external users. Access is possible via web protocols.
subclass of: service process

has subject area
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property establishes a connection between a resource, an agent, or a project, and the academic discipline, subject area, or domain within which they operate.
range: academic discipline
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: subject area of
readable IRI label: subjectArea

subject area of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has subject area"
sub property of: is about

has subsidiary organization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property represents a subsidiary relationship between organizations, where the subject organization owns, controls, or otherwise has a significant influence over the object organization
domain: organization
range: organization
sub property of: has continuant part

support service
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Service with direct user contact for topics going beyond the support for specific single services.
subclass of: service process

technological method specification
type: Class
comment: A plan specification that refers to a technology method employed for the creation, management, utilization, or control of a digital resource.
subclass of: plan specification
editorial note: A technology, e.g. a web application or a programming framework used in a resource.
example: Groovy on Grails, Angular
readable IRI label: TechnologicalMeans

has technology
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and a technology it uses.
range: technological method specification
sub property of: is subject of
inverse of: technology of
readable IRI label: technology

technology of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has technology"
sub property of: is about
editorial note: 2024-04-09. Sasha Bruns: Following e.g. the Software Ontology (SWO), relations between two ICE are categorized under the overarching property "is about." Consequently, inverse properties become subproperties of a single superproperty (see e.g. swo:is_license_for and swo:has_license).

software application
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that can be downloaded and executed locally on the users' hardware.
subclass of: software

training service
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Standalone training for self-study can be considered a technical service (usually a web application). Generally speaking, training materials often come in the form of specific measures or tutorials that are attached to a service and that are designed to improve the user’s service experience. Our joint understanding of training as a stand-alone service, however, is not limited to the above and includes materials designed for education in all fields of research data management.
subclass of: service process

web application software
type: Class
definition source: zenodo.10101412
comment: Software that is installed on a server and can be used by users via a web page and the internet, for example Software-as-a-service (SaaS).
subclass of: software

website
type: Class
comment: An information content entity that represents a collection of interconnected web pages, multimedia content, and digital resources accessible via the World Wide Web.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: information content entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has output
    some values from: creative process
editorial note: A collection of webpages contributed by an organization or a person.
example: https:\/\/opac.rism.info

creative process
type: Class
comment: A process that involves generating, developing, and refining original ideas or concepts through exploration, experimentation, and problem-solving, aiming to produce innovative or expressive outcomes in artistic, scientific, or other creative fields.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has participant
    some values from: person

is subject of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of the relation 'is about'

workflow process
type: Class
comment: A process that defines and coordinates sequential tasks, activities, or steps to achieve specific objectives efficiently within an organized workflow system.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: process
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: realizes
    some values from: workflow

service product role
type: Class
comment: Role of an immaterial entity that facilitates the delivery or support of a service product, ensuring its proper execution and value realization.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: service process

agent role
type: Class
comment: Role of an independent continuant that is realized through an agent's actions, enabling the agent to perform specific functions or achieve particular outcomes within a system or context.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: agent

service provider role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivering services, managing processes, and ensuring the effective fulfillment of service product requirements.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has realization
    some values from: service process

contributor
type: Class
comment: An agent that contributes knowledge, skills, or resources to a project, task, or initiative, actively aiding in its completion or success.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contributor role

service product
type: Class
comment: An immaterial entity that provides value through a service offering, delivering intangible benefits or functionality designed to fulfill specific needs or requirements, often in a structured process.
subclass of: NFDI resource
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: immaterial entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property:
      inverse of: has input
    some values from: service process

has agent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property is a relationship between a resource and an agent.
domain: NFDI resource
range: agent
inverse of: is agent of

is agent of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property 'has agent'

service specification
type: Class
comment: A plan specification that defines the requirements, features, and parameters of a service, outlining its scope, performance, and delivery criteria.
subclass of: plan specification

software title
type: Class
comment: A textual entity that uniquely identifies a specific software application, program, or system, often used for branding, categorization, and reference in documentation, licensing, and distribution.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: textual entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: software

citation
type: Class
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000301
comment: A textual entity intended to identify a particular publication.
subclass of: textual entity

workflow specification
type: Class
comment: A plan specification that defines the sequence, dependencies, roles, and conditions governing the execution of tasks and processes within a workflow, ensuring structured and efficient task coordination, automation, and completion.
subclass of: plan specification

is identified by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse property of has external identifier
sub property of: denotes
inverse of: has external identifier

project proposal
type: Class
comment: A project proposal is a detailed document that outlines the objectives, scope, requirements, and deliverables of a project. It serves as a blueprint for all stakeholders, ensuring everyone understands what needs to be accomplished.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: document
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: is about
    some values from: project

contact point
type: Class
comment: An agent that serves as a designated interface for communication, facilitating the exchange of information, support, or services between individuals, organizations, or systems.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: contact point role
example: :ex_1 a "nfdi:contact point" . :ex_1 "nfdi:is subject of" :email_1 . :email_1 a "iao:email address" . :email_1 "nfdi:has value" "test@example.org" .

has external identifier
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property relates a thing to the corresponding entry or related concept of the item in a central register, e.g. GND, VIAF, RISM, Wikidata or ROR.
range: centrally registered identifier
sub property of: denoted by

has value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific value.

has url
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A relation between an information content entity and its specific url.
range: anyURI

GND identifier
type: Class
alternative label: GND
alternative label: Gemeinsame Normdatei @de
alternative label: Integrated Authority File
definition source: https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.html
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: A centrally registered identifier that is issued by the German National Library. The Integrated Authority File (GND) is facilitates the collaborative use and administration of authority data. These authority data represent and describe entities, i.e. persons, corporate bodies, conferences and events, geographic entities, topics and works relating to cultural and academic collections.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier

VIAF identifier
type: Class
alternative label: Integrated Authority File
alternative label: VIAF
alternative label: Virtual International Authority File
definition source: https://viaf.org/en
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: The centrally registered identifier VIAF (Virtual International Authority File) is an international authority file that links and integrates authority records from multiple national libraries and other organizations. It provides a unique identifier for authors, creators, and entities, facilitating better data sharing and cataloging across institutions.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: https://viaf.org/en/viaf/137346469

GeoNames identifier
type: Class
alternative label: GeoNames
definition source: https://www.geonames.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: GeoNames is a geographical database that provides information on places, including names, coordinates, and administrative divisions. It integrates data from multiple sources and is widely used for geolocation, mapping, and geographic information systems (GIS).
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: https://www.geonames.org/2950159

Wikidata identifier
type: Class
alternative label: Wikidata
definition source: https://www.wikidata.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: Wikidata is maintained by the Wikimedia Foundation and serves as a central repository for structured data used by Wikipedia, Wikimedia projects, and external applications.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1388737

ROR identifier
type: Class
alternative label: ROR
definition source: https://ror.org/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: ROR (Research Organization Registry) is a global, open, and community-driven registry of research organizations. It provides unique identifiers for institutions involved in research, enabling better data integration, disambiguation, and interoperability across scholarly communication systems.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: https://ror.org/01kdxra28

ISIL identifier
type: Class
alternative label: ISIL
alternative label: International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations
definition source: https://sigel.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: ISIL (International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations) is a globally recognized identifier system used to uniquely identify libraries, archives, museums, and other cultural institutions. It facilitates resource sharing, cataloging, and data exchange across institutions and countries.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: https://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/organisations/DE-4153

FactGrid identifier
type: Class
alternative label: FactGrid
definition source: https://database.factgrid.de/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: FactGrid is a collaborative, structured knowledge database designed for historical research. It operates on Wikibase and focuses on documenting historical entities, events, and relationships.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: https://database.factgrid.de/entity/Q595

RISM identifier
type: Class
alternative label: RISM
alternative label: Répertoire International des Sources Musicales @fr
definition source: https://rism.info/
term tracker item: https://github.com/ISE-FIZKarlsruhe/nfdicore/issues/61
comment: RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) is an international catalog of historical music sources, including manuscripts, printed music, and treatises. It provides unique identifiers and bibliographic data to support music research and documentation.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: https://rism.online/sources/201001959/

export format specification
type: Class
comment: A directive information entity that defines the structural, syntactic, and encoding rules for representing data when it is exported from a system.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: directive information entity
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: has continuant part
    some values from: MIME-type

description
type: Class
textual definition: A textual entity
comment: A textual entity that describe some resource.
subclass of: textual entity

title
type: Class
comment: A textual entity that denotes some resource
comment: A textual entity that denotes some resource.
subclass of: textual entity

act of foundation
type: Class
comment: The act of foundation refers to the formal establishment or creation of an institution, organization, or entity, typically through a legal, administrative, or ceremonial process.
subclass of: event

act of dissolution
type: Class
comment: The act of dissolution refers to a formal legal or administrative event that officially terminates or dissolves an entity, relationship, or agreement.
subclass of: event

ontology namespace
type: Class
comment: A namespace refers to a distinct, unique identifier that is used to distinguish concepts and entities within an ontology from those in other ontologies or systems. It's typically represented as a URL or URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) and ensures that each element within the ontology has a globally unique reference.
subclass of: data item

is output of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of the relation 'has output'
sub property of: participates in

is input of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of the relation 'has input'
sub property of: participates in

creator role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that originates, develops, or produces a work, product, or idea.
subclass of: agent role

has creator
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The has creator property links something that was created (like a book, painting, or website) to the person or organization (agent) that made it.
range: Class
  intersection of: agent
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: bearer of
    some values from: creator role
sub property of: has agent
inverse of: creator of

creator of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: inverse of property "has creator"
sub property of: is agent of

document part
type: Class
comment: An information content entity that is part of a document.
subclass of: information content entity
example: An abstract, introduction, method or results section.

author list
type: Class
comment: A part of a document that enumerates the authors of the document
subclass of: document part

contributor list
type: Class
comment: A part of a document that enumerates the contributors of the document
subclass of: document part

creator list
type: Class
comment: A part of a document that enumerates the creators of the document
subclass of: document part

institution list
type: Class
comment: A part of a document that has parts that are institution identifications associated with the authors of the document
subclass of: document part

work package textual entity
type: Class
comment: A work package textual entity is a textual entity that describes a structured unit of work within a project, outlining specific tasks, objectives, deliverables, and assigned responsibilities to achieve defined project outcomes.
subclass of: textual entity

comment textual entity
type: Class
comment: A comment textual entity is a textual entity that provides supplimentary information, feedback, opinions, clarifications, or annotations related to a specific subject.
subclass of: textual entity
example: peer review comments on journal articles, user feedback on digital repositories, inline annotations in collaborative documents, explanatory remarks in software code documentation

digital object identifier
type: Class
alternative label: DOI
comment: A Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a centrally registered identifier that provides a unique, persistent reference to digital objects such as publications, datasets, and software, ensuring reliable access and citation.
subclass of: centrally registered identifier
example: 10.1016/j.compind.2023.104016

consortium partner
type: Class
comment: A Consortium Partner is an organization that actively collaborates within a consortium, contributing expertise, resources, or infrastructure to support shared research, development, or innovation goals.
subclass of: organization
example: universities, research institutions, industry partners, and funding agencies collaborating in NFDI MatWerk, Horizon Europe projects, and other large-scale research initiatives

nfdi consortium
type: Class
alternative label: National Research Data Infrastructure
alternative label: Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur @de
definition source: https://www.dfg.de/en/research-funding/funding-initiative/nfdi
definition source: https://www.nfdi.de/
comment: An NFDI Consortium is a collaborative organizational entity within the German National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) initiative, responsible for the development, management, and coordination of research data infrastructures in specific scientific domains.
comment: The National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) is intended to sytematically manage scientifich and research data, provide long-term data storage, backup and accessibility, and network the data (inter-)nationally. The German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Joint Science Conference (GWK) are working together to establish and fund the NFDI, on the basis of the administrative agreement concluded by the Federal Government and the federal states on November 26, 2018. The NFDI is designed as a nationwide network, which is built gradually and cooperatively by the respective communities. The goal is to provide a reliable and sustainable service portfolio that covers generic and disciplinary requirements of research data management in Germany. The NFDI is developed step by step and science-oriented with services available to researchers from vaious disciplines, institutions, and federal states.
subclass of: consortium

academic title
type: Class
comment: An academic title is an identifier that denotes an individual’s academic rank, qualification, or honorary designation within educational and research institutions.
subclass of: identifier
example: Professor, Associate Professor, Dr., PhD, Dr. Ing.

postal code
type: Class
comment: An identifier that denotes some postal delivery route, some aggregate of postal delivery routes or a geographical region and was created for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail.
subclass of: identifier

zone improvement plan code
type: Class
comment: A postal code that is used in the United States for the purpose of sorting and delivering mail, and that denotes some postal delivery route or some aggregate of postal delivery routes.
subclass of: postal code

meeting
type: Class
comment: Av event that brings together individuals or groups for structured discussions, decision-making, planning, or coordination of research, educational, or institutional activities.
subclass of: academic event

data analysis software
type: Class
comment: Data Analysis Software is a subclass of Software designed to process, visualize, and interpret structured and unstructured data using statistical, machine learning, and computational techniques.
subclass of: software

electronic lab notebook
type: Class
comment: An Electronic Lab Notebook (ELN) is a subclass of Software that provides a digital platform for recording, managing, and sharing experimental procedures, observations, and research data in scientific workflows.
subclass of: software

image processing software
type: Class
comment: Image Processing Software is a subclass of Software that enables the manipulation, enhancement, analysis, and visualization of images obtained from experimental, computational, or simulation-based sources.
subclass of: software

operating system
type: Class
comment: An Operating System (OS) is a software system that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware, enabling the execution of application programs.
subclass of: software
editorial note: Concerning the content of ‘Software’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Operating System’ class wase created to respond to competency questions like what operating systems are compatible with a specific software.
example: Windows, Linux, MacOS

simulation software
type: Class
comment: Simulation Software is a subclass of Software that facilitates the modeling and numerical simulation of physical, chemical, or computational systems to study behaviors, interactions, and performance under different conditions
subclass of: software
example: Examples include COMSOL Multiphysics, LAMMPS, Quantum ESPRESSO, and ANSYS.

workflow management software
type: Class
comment: Workflow Management Software is a subclass of Software that provides tools for designing, automating, executing, and monitoring scientific or computational workflows in research and engineering domains.
subclass of: software

event implementation specification
type: Class
comment: An event implementation specification is a type of Directive Information Entity that provides formal guidelines, constraints, and details on how an event should be executed. It specifies the mode of implementation, including logistical, technical, and procedural aspects required to carry out an event successfully.
subclass of: information content entity
subclass of: specification
subclass of: Restriction
  on property: denotes
  some values from: event
equivalent class: Class
  intersection of: specification
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: denotes
    some values from: event
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Event’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Event Implementation Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what are the implementation formats of a given event.
example: Specifications for organizing conferences, training workshops, and academic seminars in different formats such as virtual, in-person, or hybrid settings.

funding specification
type: Class
comment: A funding specification is a directive information entity that provides structured guidelines, policies, and requirements for securing, managing, and allocating financial resources for various activities, projects, or organizations.
subclass of: specification
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ datasheets and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Funding Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like what funding models exist for a given service.

information access specification
type: Class
comment: An information access specification is a directive information entity that defines the policies, conditions, and mechanisms governing the accessibility of digital or physical information resources for users or organizations.
subclass of: specification
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Publication’ datasheet and its related knowledge graph, the ‘Information Access Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what access policies apply to a specific publication document, which resources are available under open access, etc.

metadata specification
type: Class
comment: A Metadata Specification is a detailed document that describes metadata structures, guidelines, and usage policies for standardization and adoption.
subclass of: specification
example: metadata schema and standards

status specification
type: Class
comment: A status specification is a directive information entity that defines the current state, progress, or condition of an entity, process, or project based on predefined criteria and operational guidelines.
subclass of: specification
editorial note: HBN: Concerning the content of ‘Service’ and 'International collabrations' datasheets and their related knowledge graphs, the ‘Status Specification’ class and its instances were created to respond to competency questions like: what is the current status of a service or collaboration project, which collabrations are in an active state, etc.

co organizer role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when collaborating in planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or initiative alongside one or more primary organizers.
subclass of: agent role

co spokesperson role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when shareing the role of representing an organization, group, or initiative, typically communicating its views, policies, or findings to the public.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: person

collaboration partner role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when engageing in cooperative work with another individual or organization toward a shared goal, such as research, development, or business initiatives.
subclass of: agent role

manufacturer role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for producing goods, components, or materials through industrial or commercial processes.
subclass of: agent role
example: Siemens as a manufacturer of industrial automation equipment or Intel as a manufacturer of semiconductor chips

organizer role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when being responsible for planning, managing, and executing an event, project, or structured activity.
subclass of: agent role
example: event management firms organizing scientific symposiums or non-profit organizations coordinating community outreach programs

speaker role
type: Class
comment: A role inherent in an agent that is realized when delivers presentations, lectures, or speeches at events, conferences, or public gatherings.
subclass of: Class
  intersection of: agent role
  intersection of: Restriction
    on property: inheres in
    some values from: person
example: invited speakers at scientific symposiums, keynote presenters at technology expos, and guest lecturers at universities

artificial intelligence
type: Class
definition source: Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Pearson.
comment: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on creating systems capable of performing tasks that require human-like intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving.
subclass of: computer science
example: Deep learning for image recognition, reinforcement learning in robotics, and natural language processing fall under Artificial Intelligence.

theoretical computer science
type: Class
comment: Theoretical Computer Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on mathematical models of computation, computational complexity, and algorithmic problem-solving
subclass of: computer science
example: Studies on Turing machines, complexity classes (P vs NP), and formal languages belong to Theoretical Computer Science.

software engineering
type: Class
comment: Software Engineering is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that applies engineering principles to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software systems.
subclass of: computer science
example: Agile software development, DevOps practices, and software architecture design fall under Software Engineering.

data science
type: Class
definition source: Provost, F., & Fawcett, T. (2013). Data Science for Business. O'Reilly Media.
comment: Data Science is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that integrates statistical methods, machine learning, and data processing techniques to extract insights and knowledge from structured and unstructured data.
subclass of: computer science
example: Predictive analytics, big data visualization, and recommendation systems are part of Data Science.

cybersecurity
type: Class
definition source: Stallings, W. (2020). Network Security Essentials. Pearson.
comment: Cybersecurity is a sub-discipline of Computer Science that focuses on protecting computer systems, networks, and data from cyber threats, vulnerabilities, and unauthorized access.
subclass of: computer science
example: Encryption techniques, intrusion detection systems, and ethical hacking studies belong to Cybersecurity.

active status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Active Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is currently operational, ongoing, or in execution.

cancelled status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Cancelled Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has been terminated before reaching completion due to internal or external factors.

Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Doctor (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate)

Dr.-Ing.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Doctor of Engineering (German doctorate in engineering).

finished status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Finished Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project has successfully reached its intended goal and is considered complete.

hybrid implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
comment: Hybrid Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that integrates both physical (on-site) and virtual (online) participation modes

internal access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Internal Access is an information access specification that defines policies and mechanisms restricting access to information exclusively within an organization, institution, or research group.

M.Sc.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Master of Science (graduate degree in science/engineering).

on site implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
comment: On-Site Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event that occurs exclusively at a physical location with in-person attendance.

online implementation
type: NamedIndividual
type: event implementation specification
comment: Online Implementation is an event implementation specification that defines the organization of an event conducted entirely through virtual platforms, enabling remote participation via digital communication technologies.

open access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Open Access is an information access specification that defines policies allowing unrestricted public access to information resources, ensuring free availability without subscription or payment barriers.

organizational funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
comment: Organizational Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial structures, budgets, and resource allocation strategies for sustaining the operations of an organization or institution.

paused status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Paused Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is temporarily halted but may resume at a later stage.

paywall access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Paywall Access is an information access specification that defines policies requiring users to purchase, subscribe, or obtain institutional licenses to access digital or physical information resources.

PD. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Privatdozent (Dr. with habilitation, qualified to teach at a university)

PD. Dr. habil.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Privatdozent with Habilitation (higher academic qualification in Germany)

planning status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Planning Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is in a preparatory or strategic development phase before execution.

Prof.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Professor (academic title for a senior faculty member).

Prof. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Professor with a doctorate.

Prof. Dr.-Ing.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Professor with a doctorate in engineering.

project funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
comment: Project Funding is a funding specification that defines the financial mechanisms, grants, and investment strategies used to support specific research, development, or innovation projects.

restricted access
type: NamedIndividual
type: information access specification
comment: Restricted Access is an information access specification that defines policies limiting access to specific users, organizations, or groups based on predefined criteria such as confidentiality, security, or legal regulations.

self funding
type: NamedIndividual
type: funding specification
comment: Self-Funding is a funding specification that defines the use of personal, internal, or independently generated financial resources to support activities, projects, or organizations without relying on external funding sources.

test phase status
type: NamedIndividual
type: status specification
comment: Test Phase Status is a status specification that indicates an entity, process, or project is undergoing testing, evaluation, or validation before finalization.

Dr. Dr.
type: NamedIndividual
type: academic title
comment: Two Doctor degrees (PhD or equivalent academic doctorate)

humanity
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline focused on human culture, thought, and creativity, encompassing disciplines like literature, philosophy, and the arts.
subclass of: academic discipline

social science
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that studies society and human behavior through disciplines like sociology, psychology, and economics.
subclass of: academic discipline

biology
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that studies living organisms, their structures, functions, growth, and interactions with their environment. Biology explores the diversity of life, from microscopic organisms to complex ecosystems, and seeks to understand the underlying processes of life, evolution, and heredity.
subclass of: academic discipline

medicine
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the science and practice of diagnosing, treating, and preventing illnesses and injuries. Medicine involves the study of human health, medical technologies, pharmaceuticals, and patient care to improve well-being and extend life.
subclass of: academic discipline

agriculture
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the science, practice, and business of cultivating plants, raising animals, and producing food, fiber, and other products. Agriculture involves the study of soil management, crop production, livestock care, and sustainable farming practices to ensure food security and environmental sustainability.
subclass of: academic discipline

natural science
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that studies the natural world through observation, experimentation, and analysis. Natural science includes fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and earth sciences, aiming to understand the laws and processes governing the universe and life on Earth.
subclass of: academic discipline

chemistry
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that studies the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter. Chemistry focuses on understanding how substances interact, transform, and combine to form new materials, playing a crucial role in fields such as medicine, energy, and environmental science.
subclass of: academic discipline

physic
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that explores the fundamental principles governing the behavior of matter, energy, and the forces of nature. Physics seeks to understand the laws of the universe, from subatomic particles to cosmic phenomena, through experimentation, observation, and mathematical modeling.
subclass of: academic discipline

mathematics
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that involves the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns, using abstract concepts and logical reasoning. Mathematics is fundamental to various fields, including science, engineering, economics, and technology, providing tools for problem-solving, analysis, and modeling.
subclass of: academic discipline

geoscience
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Earth’s structure, processes, and materials, including the atmosphere, oceans, and landforms. Geoscience encompasses fields such as geology, meteorology, and environmental science to understand Earth’s history, natural resources, and natural hazards.
subclass of: academic discipline

term tracker annotation
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A term tracker annotation is an editor note used to track the history of an entity. For each change, it records the related GitHub issue and pull request.
editorial note: adapted from http://openenergy-platform.org/ontology/oeo/OEO_00020426

mechanical engineering
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the design, analysis, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineering applies principles of physics, materials science, and mathematics to develop machines, tools, and devices used in industries such as transportation, energy, and robotics.
subclass of: academic discipline

has acronym
type: AnnotationProperty
comment: A relation between an entity and its abbreviated form, representing a shortened version of the original term or phrase.
sub property of: alternative label

materials science
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that explores the properties, performance, and applications of materials, focusing on the relationship between a material's structure and its characteristics. Materials science and engineering involves the design, development, and testing of materials for use in a wide range of industries, including aerospace, electronics, and manufacturing.
subclass of: academic discipline

computer science
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the study of algorithms, data structures, programming, and computational systems. Computer science explores how to design, develop, and analyze software and hardware solutions to solve complex problems and advance technology.
subclass of: academic discipline

construction engineering
type: Class
comment: An academic discipline that focuses on the planning, design, and management of construction projects, including buildings, infrastructure, and other structures. Construction engineering integrates principles of civil engineering, project management, and materials science to ensure safety, efficiency, and sustainability in construction processes.
subclass of: academic discipline

workshop
type: Class
comment: An event focused on interactive learning, where participants engage in hands-on activities or group work to develop specific skills or knowledge.
subclass of: academic event

conference
type: Class
comment: An event where experts and scholars gather to present research, exchange ideas, and discuss advancements in a particular field.
subclass of: academic event

hackathon
type: Class
comment: An event where participants collaborate intensively over a short period to develop technological solutions, such as software or hardware projects.
subclass of: academic event

lecture
type: Class
comment: An event where a subject matter expert delivers a formal presentation to inform or educate an audience about a specific topic.
subclass of: academic event

course
type: Class
comment: An event structured as a program of study, offering instruction on a particular subject, often leading to certification or academic credit.
subclass of: academic event

summer school
type: Class
comment: An event held during the summer, providing specialized courses or workshops to supplement regular academic studies or offer additional learning opportunities.
subclass of: academic event

seminar
type: Class
comment: An event where a small group of participants discuss a specific topic in depth, often involving presentations and interactive discussions.
subclass of: academic event

symposium
type: Class
comment: An event where researchers and experts present and discuss their work, often centered around a specific theme or area of study.
subclass of: academic event

panel discussion
type: Class
comment: An event featuring a group of experts who share their insights and engage in a moderated discussion on a particular subject, followed by audience questions.
subclass of: academic event

data handling process
type: Class
comment: A process that involves the collection, organization, cleaning, analysis, storage, and sharing of data to ensure its accuracy, accessibility, and usefulness for decision-making, research, or other applications. Data handling encompasses all stages from raw data generation to its final visualization or publication.
subclass of: process

data producing process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process where raw data is generated through experiments, observations, or data collection tools, often as the initial step in the data lifecycle.
subclass of: data handling process

data processing process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process where raw data is cleaned, transformed, and analyzed to extract meaningful insights, patterns, or trends.
subclass of: data handling process

dataset creation process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process involving the organization and structuring of data into datasets for easier access, analysis, and sharing.
subclass of: data handling process

dataset documenting process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process where metadata, descriptions, and details about datasets are recorded to ensure clarity, context, and proper usage by others.
subclass of: data handling process

data cleaning process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process where incorrect, incomplete, or irrelevant data is identified and corrected or removed to improve the quality of the dataset.
subclass of: data handling process

data transformation process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process involving the conversion of data into a different format, structure, or scale to make it compatible with analysis tools or systems.
subclass of: data handling process

data integration process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process where data from multiple sources are combined or merged to create a cohesive and comprehensive dataset for analysis.
subclass of: data handling process

data storage process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process where data is securely stored in databases or other systems, ensuring it can be retrieved and accessed as needed.
subclass of: data handling process

data visualization process
type: Class
comment: A data handling process where data is represented visually through charts, graphs, or other formats to aid in understanding and decision-making.
subclass of: data handling process

software method
type: Class
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000591
comment: A software method (also called subroutine, subprogram, procedure, method, function, or routine) is software designed to execute a specific task.
subclass of: software

software module
type: Class
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000592
comment: A software module is software composed of a collection of software methods.
subclass of: software

software script
type: Class
definition source: http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/IAO_0000595
comment: A software script is software whose instructions can be executed using a software interpreter.
subclass of: software

NFDI4Culture Ontology (CTO)
type: Ontology
bibliographic citation: Tabea Tietz, Jörg Waitelonis, Oleksandra Bruns, Etienne Posthumus, Harald Sack. NFDI4culture Ontology. Revision: v3.0.0. Retrieved from: https://nfdi4culture.de/ontology/3.0.0
contributor: Torsten Schrade
contributor: Linnaea Söhn
contributor: Jonatan Jalle Steller
created: 2025-03-31
creator: Harald Sack
creator: Tabea Tietz
creator: Oleksandra Bruns
creator: Etienne Posthumus
creator: Jörg Waitelonis
description: The NFDI4Culture Ontology (CTO) models cultural heritage research resources with the goal of enabling a research data index. CTO is a domain-specific module built on top of the mid-level NFDIcore Ontology v.3 (https://ise-fizkarlsruhe.github.io/nfdicore/) and is aligned with the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) 2020. It describes and interlinks the diverse entities that exist within the communitys research (meta)data, including connections between persons, organizations, places and events, media objects, legal statements, external vocabulary references, musical incipits, and more. Further infomration can be found at in the detailed documentation: https://nfdi.fiz-karlsruhe.de/4culture/
license: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
status: Ontology Specification
preferred namespace uri: https://nfdi4culture.de/ontology/
prior version: https://nfdi4culture.de/ontology/2.2.0
version IRI: https://nfdi4culture.de/ontology/3.0.0
version info: 3.0.0

has legal statement
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A general property used to associate a resource with a legal or rights-related statement, such as information about copyright, licensing, or usage terms. This property serves as a superproperty for more specific legal declarations. The preferred approach for legal statements is the usage of the object property "nfdicore: has license". In cases, where "nfdicore: has license" cannot be used, a subproperty of "cto: has legal statement" can be utilized.
range: Literal

lyrics
type: Class
comment: A textual entity and thus, information content entity that consists of a structured sequence of linguistic expressions intended to be performed as part of a musical composition, typically corresponding to the vocal component of a song.
subclass of: textual entity
editorial note: [TT:] Previously, the music ontology (mo) was used to represent lyrics, their text etc. However, while importing the music ontology, it became clear that the music ontology has not been maintained for 12 years and some ontologies mo imports are not available anymore. This made the re-use of mo not anymore possible for cto.

is data feed element of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A dataFeed Element is continuant part of a DataFeed.
sub property of: continuant part of
inverse of: dataFeedElement

is item of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Determines the subject of an information content entity that is part of a DataFeed.
sub property of: is subject of

source item
type: Class
comment: An information content entity that serves as the source of information represented in a data feed. It is an entity about which a data feed element conveys information. Each source item is identifiable by a unique URI within the context of the feed.
subclass of: information content entity
example: <https://corpusvitrearum.de/id/F5414> is a source item within the data feed Corpus Vitrearum Germany.

is referenced in
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A property that relates a cto:SourceItem to a schema:DataFeed in which information about the source item is represented. The data feed contains one or more data feed elements that are about the given source item.
domain: source item
range: DataFeed

has license statement
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A natural language text description of a license (permissions, reuse conditions, or usage terms.). This applies for example to media objects connected to source items in the research data index.
range: Literal
sub property of: has legal statement
example: The photograph is licensed under CC-BY-1.0

has related entity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to an entity referenced by the source provider. This property serves the ontology's indexing purposes and is further specialized through subproperties that relate a cto:source item to more specific categories: events, items, persons, locations, and organizations. While detailed relationships and roles may be present in the source data, cto:has related entity and its subproperties are intended to capture only the existence of a relationship, without specifying its nature. The range of this property and its subproperties is characterized by centrally registered identifiers, such as those from GND, VIAF, or GeoNames, to ensure semantic interoperability and consistent referencing across datasets.
domain: source item
inverse of: is related entity of

has related person
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to persons referenced by the source provider in any role, such as composers, spouses, or supervisors. While detailed roles or relationships may be described within the source itself, this property serves the purpose of creating a research data index by identifying persons related to the source item, without specifying the nature of the relationship.
domain: source item
range: person
sub property of: has related entity
inverse of: is related person of

has related organization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to organizations mentioned by the source provider, such as publishers, ensembles, universities, or religious institutions. This property enables the identification of organizational entities relevant to the source item for indexing purposes, without detailing their exact role or involvement.
domain: source item
range: organization
sub property of: has related entity
inverse of: is related organization of

has related location
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to geographic locations mentioned or referenced by the source provider, such as places of birth, performance venues, or locations of events. This property supports the indexing of related places in a research data context, without expressing the specific nature of their connection to the source item.
domain: source item
range: place
sub property of: has related entity
inverse of: is related location of

has related event
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to events referenced by the source provider, such as concerts, premieres, festivals, or historical occurrences. This property is used to index events connected to the source item, without specifying the exact nature of the relationship.
domain: source item
range: event
sub property of: has related entity
inverse of: is related event of

is associated media of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An image or audio file is associated with a source item.
domain: Media Object
range: source item
inverse of: associatedMedia

is related entity of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An entity is related to a source item.

is related person of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A person is related to a source item.
sub property of: is related entity of

is related event of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An event is related to a source item.
sub property of: is related entity of

is related location of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A location is related to a source item.
sub property of: is related entity of

is related organization of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An organization is related to a source item.
sub property of: is related entity of

has related item
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to another item mentioned or associated by the source provider, such as co-signed documents or related manuscripts. This property is intended for use in a research data index to signal associations between source items, without defining their specific relationship.
domain: source item
range: information content entity
sub property of: has related entity
inverse of: is related item of

is related item of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An item is related to a source item.
sub property of: is related entity of

has content url
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The location of a media object that is associated with a cto:source item.
sub property of: has url
editorial note: [TT] schema:contentURL could not be reused here, as it is not compatible with the ontology's OWL DL profile
example: cto:source item <https://slod.fiz-karlsruhe.de/labw-2-2599048> has an image with the location <https://slod.fiz-karlsruhe.de/images/slod/2-2599048-4.jpg>

has rights statement
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Links a resource to a textual or URI-based statement describing the intellectual property rights, copyright status, or legal ownership information associated with the resource.
range: Literal
sub property of: has legal statement
example: <http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC-EDU/1.0/>
example: In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted
example: This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. In addition, no permission is required from the rights-holder(s) for educational uses. For other uses, you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).

has incipit value
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates an instance of incipit to its literal representation, which includes the key signature, the incipit pattern, the key, clef value, key signature and time signature.
domain: incipit
range: Literal

incipit
type: Class
comment: An incipit is a short excerpt from the beginning of a musical work, typically used as an identifying feature or reference. In musicology, incipits may be notated (e.g. first bars of sheet music), or encoded digitally, and are often used for cataloging, comparison, or scholarly analysis.
comment: To be used with the datatype properties cto: has clef, cto: has time signature, cto: has key signature, cto: has incipit pattern, cto: has key
subclass of: identifier

is about real world entity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A provider URI (cto:source item) is about a real world entity, e.g. an instance of schema:Book, schema:Sculpture or nfdicore:Event.
domain: information content entity
range: Class
  union of: person
  union of: event
  union of: Book
  union of: LandmarksOrHistoricalBuildings
  union of: Sculpture
  union of: SheetMusic
  union of: TheaterEvent
sub property of: is about

has external classifier
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property relates a thing to the corresponding entry or related concept of the item in a classification scheme, e.g. Getty, RISM and Iconclass.
range: classifier
sub property of: denoted by
inverse of: is classified by

classifier
type: Class
comment: An information content entity. Classifiers provide standardized categories or terms that support consistent annotation, indexing, or semantic referencing of entities in a domain, e.g. Iconclass, A&AT, RISM.
subclass of: information content entity

is classified by
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An source item is classified using an external classification system.
domain: classifier
sub property of: denotes

AAT classifier
type: Class
comment: The AAT classifier is used to categorize concepts related to art, architecture, cultural heritage, and material culture. The AAT provides hierarchical and associative relationships between terms to support consistent documentation, cataloging, and retrieval in cultural heritage and museum contexts.
subclass of: classifier

Iconclass classifier
type: Class
comment: Means to categorize themes, subjects, and motifs in visual artworks. Iconclass provides a structured vocabulary for iconographic analysis and indexing.
subclass of: classifier

RISM classifier
type: Class
comment: The RISM classifier is used to categorize historical music sources, particularly manuscripts and printed music. RISM (Répertoire International des Sources Musicales) provides structured metadata for musical works, composers, and institutions to support musicological research and archival discovery.
subclass of: classifier

3D model
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept

audio object
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept

image object
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept

media object
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept

sheet music
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept

text object
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept

video object
type: NamedIndividual
type: Concept

has data concept
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Manifests an isabout relation between the source item and a skos Concept, representing how the data was made available by the provider in general overarching categories. Example: a provider URI is about a sculpture in the real world and made available as a 3D Model by the provider). This is part of a conceptual module to facilitate the NFDI4Culture Data Search.
domain: information content entity
range: Concept
sub property of: is about

LCSH classifier
type: Class
alternative label: Library of Congress Subject Headings
comment: A classifier and information content entity consisting of a controlled vocabulary maintained by the Library of Congress, used to assign consistent subject descriptors across disciplines for library and archival materials.
subclass of: classifier

MIMO classifier
type: Class
alternative label: Thesaurus of Musical Instrument Names
comment: A classifier and information content entity used to standardize the naming and categorization of musical instruments across museums, archives, and collections, reflecting historical and regional terminologies.
subclass of: classifier

Hornbostel Sachs classifier
type: Class
alternative label: Hornbostel-Sachs Classification
comment: A hierarchical classifier and information content entity for musical instruments, organizing them based on sound production mechanisms (e.g., idiophones, chordophones), widely used in ethnomusicology and organology.
subclass of: classifier

Graphikvokabular classifier
type: Class
comment: A classifier and information content entity developed for describing and categorizing graphic works and printmaking techniques, supporting consistent metadata and research across graphic art collections.
subclass of: classifier

Filmportal Category Vocabulary classifier
type: Class
comment: A domain-specific classifier and information content entity used to assign categorical descriptors to films based on genre, production attributes, and historical significance within the Filmportal.de system.
subclass of: classifier

CERL thesaurus classifier
type: Class
alternative label: CERL
comment: A classifier and information content entity maintained by the Consortium of European Research Libraries, used to identify and categorize historical persons, places, and organizations relevant to book history and early print culture.
subclass of: classifier

UNIMARC classifier
type: Class
alternative label: UNIMARC: Medium of Performance
comment: A classifier and information content entity within the UNIMARC bibliographic framework, used to represent the voices, instruments, or ensembles required for the performance of musical works.
subclass of: classifier

UNESCO Thesaurus classifier
type: Class
comment: A multilingual classifier and information content entity developed by UNESCO, covering broad thematic areas in education, science, culture, and communication, and used for international resource indexing and policy research.
subclass of: classifier

Wortnetz Kultur classifier
type: Class
alternative label: WNK
comment: A classifier and information content entity for cultural heritage concepts, developed by the Landschaftsverband Rheinland to support consistent terminology in museums, archives, and cultural institutions.
subclass of: classifier

Material Culture Thesaurus classifier
type: Class
comment: A domain-focused classifier and information content entity designed to describe objects and concepts in material culture studies, developed for the humanities and museum sector, and in the process of integration with the Getty AAT.
subclass of: classifier

has incipit time signature
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Associates an incipit with the musical time signature it begins in, expressed as a string (e.g., "4/4", "3/8"). This property captures the rhythmic meter of the notated passage.
domain: incipit
range: Literal
sub property of: has incipit value
example: "3/4"

has clef
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Specifies the musical clef used at the beginning of the incipit (e.g., "G", "F", "C clef"). This property indicates the pitch reference point for interpreting the staff notation.
domain: incipit
range: Literal
sub property of: has incipit value
example: “G-2”

has key signature
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Associates an incipit with its written key signature, expressed as a string (e.g., "2 sharps", "Bb, Eb"). This reflects the accidentals present at the beginning of the staff.
domain: incipit
range: Literal
sub property of: has incipit value
example: “xF”

has incipit pattern
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Provides a simplified textual or symbolic representation of the melodic or rhythmic pattern of the incipit.
domain: incipit
range: Literal
sub property of: has incipit value
example: “4'D/8.6GB4AG/8.6''EC2'A/4.''D8'BAG/4BA”

has key
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Indicates the tonal key in which the incipit is set, such as "C major" or "A minor". Unlike the key signature, this represents the actual tonality of the passage, which may differ due to modality or historical notation conventions.
domain: incipit
range: Literal
sub property of: has incipit value
example: "G major"

has incipit
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto: source item to its incipit, an identifier that represents the opening portion of a musical work, typically notated in musical symbols, and used to identify or distinguish the work in catalogs, manuscripts, or databases.
domain: information content entity
range: incipit
sub property of: is about
inverse of: is incipit of

is incipit of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A source item has an incipit.
domain: incipit
range: information content entity
sub property of: is subject of

has lyrics text
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates the textual entity cto:lyrics to its text string.
domain: lyrics
range: Literal
example: "So sei gegrüßt viel tausendmal, holder, (holder) Frühling! grüßen wir dich froh mit Sang und Schall, mit Sang und Schall. Du kommst, und froh ist alle Welt, holder, (holder) Frühling! Es freut sich Wiese, Wald und Feld, holder, (holder) Frühling!"@de @de

has shelf mark
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Associates a cataloged item with its shelf mark, expressed as a string. A shelf mark is an alphanumeric code assigned by a library, archive, or institution to indicate the item's physical location or classification within a collection.
domain: source item
range: Literal
example: "Rar. Libr. Ven. 369/372#372"

has holding organization
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Links an item to the organization (such as a library, archive, museum, or other institution) that currently holds, owns, or is responsible for the item. This property identifies the custodial or curatorial institution associated with the object.
domain: source item
range: organization
inverse of: is holding organization of

has temporal coverage
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: A generic property to relate an a cto source item to its broad temporal attributes, e.g. the period of its existence, the dates of the creation, destruction, and approximate dates. To be used on vague and ambiguous time references in the data. For precise temporal references, refer to bfo: one-dimensional temporal region or bfo: zero-dimensional temporal region.
range: Literal

has approximate period
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to the approximate timeh. It often links to time periods/dates containing temporal constraints, e.g. during, before, after to approximate the time. The property should only be used to express an estimated or imprecise date associated with an item when the exact date is uncertain or not precisely known. For precise temporal references, refer to bfo: one-dimensional temporal region or bfo: zero-dimensional temporal region.
range: Literal
sub property of: has temporal coverage

has creation date
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates an item to the date when the item was created or came into existence.
range: dateTime
sub property of: has temporal coverage

has creation period
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates an item to the approximate time period that indicates the time span during which the item was created, e.g. 18th-19th century.
range: Literal
sub property of: has temporal coverage

has destruction date
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to the date on which the item ceases to exist or is intentionally terminated, discarded, or removed.
range: dateTime
sub property of: has temporal coverage

has existence period
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to the time period that indicates the time span during which the item existed. The property should only be used when the use of cto:creationDate and cto:distructionDate is not possible.
range: Literal
sub property of: has temporal coverage
example: 1890s

has lyrics
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to a textual entity that represents the lyrics associated with a musical work. This property is used when the source item includes or references a verbal component such as sung text.
domain: source item
range: lyrics
inverse of: is lyrics of

is lyrics of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A source item has lyrics.

Wikidata classifier
type: Class
comment: An information content entity to classify entities within cultural heritage research datasets. It enables semantic enrichment by linking local data to the broader knowledge graph of Wikidata, facilitating interoperability, disambiguation, and enhanced contextual understanding. To be used only for classification, not identification. Example: to classify an item about the Mona Lisa painting, use this class to classify the item as Q1133779 (renaissance art). Don't use this class to identify the painting with Q12418 (Mona Lisa).
subclass of: classifier

has source file
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Relates a cto:source item to the URL of a data source from which it originates
sub property of: has url

is holding organization of
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An organization is the rights holder of a source item.
domain: organization
range: source item

Hossein Beygi Nasrabadi

Audio Object
type: Class
comment: An audio file.
comment: In the context of the Culture Ontology (CTO), an audio object is an information content entity and connected to a cto:SourceItem. It can have a license statement (string) and an audio file location.
label: AudioObject
subclass of: Media Object

Book
type: Class
comment: A book is a a physical object and a material entity consisting of a set of bound pages, typically composed of paper or similar materials, that contains written, printed, or illustrated content intended for reading, study, or reference.
comment: A book.
subclass of: object

DataFeed
type: Class
comment: A schema:DataFeed is an information content entity that is composed of one or more schema:DataFeedElements, each of which is also an information content entity. In the context of NFDI4Culture, a DataFeed is created in the NFDI4Culture portal manually.
comment: A single feed providing structured information about one or more entities or topics.
subclass of: information content entity
example: In NFDI4Culture <https://nfdi4culture.de/id/E4229> is the DataFeed for Corpus Vitrearum and <https://nfdi4culture.de/id/E3590> is the DataFeed for Linked Stage Graph.

Data Feed Item
type: Class
comment: A DataFeedItem is an information content entity that represents a discrete unit of information within a data feed. It does not embody the entity itself but refers to or describes it, enabling the aggregation or distribution of content in a feed-based system. In NFDI4Culture instances of DataFeedItem are permanent ARK-IDs, created on the foundation of the DataFeed it is a part of.
comment: A single item within a larger data feed.
label: DataFeedItem
subclass of: information content entity

Image Object
type: Class
comment: An image file.
comment: In the context of the Culture Ontology (CTO), an image object is an information content entity and connected to a cto:SourceItem. It can have a license statement (string) and an image location.
label: ImageObject
subclass of: Media Object

LandmarksOrHistoricalBuildings
type: Class
comment: A Landmark or Historical Building is an object and a material structure or site of significant historical, cultural, architectural, or social importance, typically recognized or preserved due to its relevance to heritage, identity, or public memory.
comment: An historical landmark or building.
subclass of: object

Media Object
type: Class
comment: A media object, such as an image, video, audio, or text object embedded in a web page or a downloadable dataset i.e. DataDownload. Note that a creative work may have many media objects associated with it on the same web page. For example, a page about a single song (MusicRecording) may have a music video (VideoObject), and a high and low bandwidth audio stream (2 AudioObject's).
comment: In the context of the Culture Ontology (CTO), a media object is an information content entity and connected to a cto:SourceItem. It can have a license statement (string) and a file location. In the NFDI4Culture Research Data Graph, a instance of a media object is usually an ARK-ID.
label: MediaObject
subclass of: information content entity

Sculpture
type: Class
comment: A piece of sculpture.
comment: A sculpture is a an object and a three-dimensional material entity that is intentionally created by a human agent through artistic processes such as carving, modeling, assembling, or casting, typically for the purpose of aesthetic, cultural, or symbolic expression.
subclass of: object

SheetMusic
type: Class
comment: Printed music, as opposed to performed or recorded music.
comment: Sheet music is a an object and a material entity that contains a visual representation of musical notation, typically printed or handwritten on paper or another medium, and intended to guide the performance or study of a musical composition.
subclass of: object

TheaterEvent
type: Class
comment: A Theater Event is an event and thus, an occurrent. Instances of theater events are individual performances.
comment: Event type: Theater performance.
subclass of: event
example: <https://slod.fiz-karlsruhe.de/labw-2-2599390.html> is a theater event, which took place on March 11, 1923.

associatedMedia
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A media object that encodes this CreativeWork. This property is a synonym for encoding.
comment: Relates a cto:source item to its associated media as provided by the source provider. Associated media may include images and audio objects. Each media object linked via this property must be accompanied by a license statement and a cto:content url indicating the location of the media file. This property supports the integration of multimedia resources within the research data index.
domain: source item
label: has associated media
range: Media Object

dataFeedElement
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An item within a data feed. Data feeds may have many elements.
domain: DataFeed
label: has data feed element
range: Data Feed Item
sub property of: has continuant part

item
type: ObjectProperty
comment: An entity represented by an entry in a list or data feed (e.g. an 'artist' in a list of 'artists').
domain: Data Feed Item
range: source item
sub property of: is about

license
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A license document that applies to this content, typically indicated by URL.
comment: If possible, nfdicore:has license should be the preferred usage for license information. Use only if the license itself is ambiguous or cannot be properly typed. schema:license should be used on CreativeWorks.
comment: license
domain: information content entity
example: license